b296a9c944a3ef0cf09ad031e1399c1d.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 53
Lifestyle Diseases Forrest Dolgener, Ph. D. Professor School Health, Physical Education and Leisure Services
Cardiovascular Diseases Incidence • • • High Blood Pressure - 50, 000 Coronary Heart Disease - 13, 900, 000 Stroke - 4, 000 Rheumatic fever/heart disease - 1, 800, 000 More than 1 in 5 males and females have some form of CVD
Deaths from CVD • Almost 1, 000 deaths in 2005 – CAD is #1 cause of death in US – Stroke is #3 cause of death in US • ~ 40% of all deaths • Since 1900, CVD has been the No. 1 killer in U. S • More than 2, 600 Americans die each day from CVD • CVD claims more lives than next 7 causes
Deaths from CVD • Approximately half the deaths are females and half are males • 36% of deaths occur prematurely (before age 75) • If all forms of major cardiovascular disease were eliminated, life expectancy would rise by 10 years; If cancer were eliminated, life expectancy would rise 3 years.
HEART
BLOOD DISTRIBUTION AT REST
Coronary Heart Disease • • Single largest killer of males and females Almost 500, 000 deaths per year Half die within 1 hour of onset of symptoms In 48% of men and 63% of women who die suddenly, there were no previous symptoms
Women and CHD • Women suffer heart attacks an average 10 years later than men • Since 1984, CVD has killed more women than men • 1 in 2 women will die from CVD; 1 in 26 will die from breast cancer.
Unalterable Risk Factors • Age • Gender • Heredity
Alterable Risk Factors • • • Sedentary Life Style High Blood Pressure High Blood Cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Mellitus
Heart Attack Warning Signs • • • Chest Discomfort (angina pectoris) Discomfort in other areas of upper body Shortness of breath Cold sweat Nausea Light headedness
Cholesterol Types & Values • Major cholesterol types – High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) – Low Density Lipoportein (LDL) – Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) • Total Cholesterol = HLD + LDL + VLDL – TC < 200 mg/dl – LDL < 130 mg/dl
Risk Ratio (RR) • RR = Total Cholesterol/HDL – if RR > 4. 0 = increased risk – if RR < 4. 0 = decreased risk • You can lower your risk by either increasing HDL or decreasing TC or both
Risk Ratio Example • Total Cholesterol = 250 mg/dl – HDL = 40 mg/dl – RR = 250/40 = 6. 25 (risky) • Total Cholesterol = 250 mg/dl – HDL = 65 mg/dl – RR = 3. 8 (good)
Lowering Your Cholesterol • Consume less saturated fat in the diet – eat lean meat and low fat dairyfoods – eat less processed foods – cook only with mono- or polyunsaturates • Consume less cholesterol in the diet – eat lean meat and low fat dairy foods – use only vegetable oils (no tropical oils)
Hypertension • Ideal pressure is < 120/80 • Hypertension is >140/90. • Hypertension can be reduced by: – Regular exercise program – Reduced sodium intake – Drugs
CEREBRAL INFARCTION AND HEMORRHAGE Infarction Hemorrhage
Stroke Warning Signs • Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, especially on one side of body • Sudden confusion, problems speaking or understanding • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes • Sudden loss of coordination, trouble walking, dizzy • Sudden severe headache with no known cause
Unalterable Stroke Risk Factors • • • Age Heredity Race Gender Previous transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Alterable Stroke Risk Factors • • High Blood Pressure Smoking Diabetes Mellitus High Cholesterol Physical Inactivity Obesity Atrial fibrillation Carotid or peripheral artery disease
Cancer • • • Second leading cause of death Prostate - 334, 000 (99%) Breast - 180, 200 (97%) Lung - 178, 000 (14%) Colon & Rectum - 131, 200 (61%) Testicular - 7, 200 (91%)
Early Warning Signs • • C - Change in bowel or bladder habits A - A sore throat that does not heal U - Unusual bleeding or discharge T - Thickening or lump I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O - Obvious change in wart or mole N - Nagging cough or hoarseness
Risk Factors • Heredity • Nutrition – high fat – low vegetables & fruits (anti-oxidants, fiber) • Smoking • Environment • Sedentary Lifestyle
Causes of Skin Cancer • • Total amount of sun received Acute overexposure (sunburn) Most receive 80% of exposure by age 18 1 in 7 will develop some form of skin cancer in their lifetime
Tanning • Tanning is the skin’s normal response to UV light • Tanning is protective reaction to prevent further injury • Tanning does not prevent skin cancer
Factors Determining UV Level • UV light is greater today than in the past due to reduction in ozone layer • The following increase UV light: – Altitude – Proximity to the equator – Less cloud cover
Risk Factors for Skin Cancer • Genetics – Northern European heritage – Fair skin • Environment – Geography – Sun Exposure
Types of Skin Cancer • Basal Cell Carcinoma • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma • Most common form of cancer • Occurs in basal cells at the bottom of the epidermis • Occurs most often in males • Occurs on most exposed areas: face, ears, neck, scalp, shoulders, back • Rarely does it go deeper than epidermis and metastasize
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Occurs in outer most cells of epidermis • Second most common form of skin cancer • Usually confined to epidermis but will eventually penetrate the underlying tissues and can metastasize. • Most often occurs on exposed areas like basal cell carcinoma.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma • • • Arises in melanocytes Most serious form of skin cancer Most rapidly increasing from of cancer Penetrates and metastasizes quickly Successful treatment dependent on early diagnosis.
Melanoma
Preventing Skin Cancer • Minimize exposure to sun between hours of 10: 00 am and 3: 00 pm • Apply SPF-15 sunscreen or higher when exposed • Wear protective clothing & sun glasses • Avoid UV radiation from tanning beds • Protect your children!! • Examine skin head to toe every 3 months
Clinical Screenings TEST Gender AGE Freq. Sigmoidoscopy M&F >50 3 -5 Fecal Blood M&F >50 yearly Digital Rectal M&F >40 yearly Prostate & PSA M >50 yearly Mammography F 40? 1 -2 Pap Test F >18 yearly
Top 10 Ways to Avoid Cancer • • • Don’t smoke or chew Check your house for radon Perform regular BSE and TSE Females get annual pap test Get regular clinical screenings when age appropriate
Top 10 Continued • • • Avoid sunburns Eat lots of vegetables Eat low fat Eat moderate protein Exercise
Diabetes Mellitus • Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism due to lack of insulin or decreased insulin sensitivity • Type I - insulin-dependent (IDDM) • Type II - non-insulin dependent (NIDDM)
Symptoms of Diabetes • • • Thirst Fatigue & Weakness Weight Loss Hunger Overeating Blurred Vision
Risk Factors for Diabetes • • Heredity Age Obesity Physical Inactivity
Benefits of Exercise • Helps control weight • Has an insulin-like effect • May reduce the requirement for insulin
Osteoporosis • Disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue • Increases rate of bone fractures and skeletal abnormalities
Factors Affecting Peak Bone Mass • • • Heredity Mechanical Gender Nutrition Endocrine
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis • • Age Gender Race Skeletal structure Menopause/menstrual history Lifestyle Family history Medications & Diseases
Bone Mass and Activity