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BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY • One of the largest news surveys in the world • Explores the online news habits of more than 50, 000 people in 26 countries. • Research conducted online in January/early February 2016. • Focus on tracking top-level global trends over time.

§ Majority of people now use social media for news, with one in ten saying it is their main source. KEY FINDINGS § Rapid move to mobile news consumption showing no signs of slowing, with some countries now smartphone first. § Traditional news brands struggle to remain noticed in a social and mobile news environment – but they remain important to news users. § Most are still reluctant to pay for online news. § Around a quarter use ad blockers, but less than one in ten block ads on their smartphones. § Strong concerns about the drawbacks of more personalised news – but the young are more comfortable with algorithms. 4

THE RISE OF SOCIAL AND AGGREGATED NEWS

SOURCES OF NEWS FROM 2012 -2016 UNITED STATES Social media news use has nearly doubled in the USA since 2013. Print has declined.

PROPORTION THAT USE SOCIAL MEDIA FOR NEWS SELECTED COUNTRIES Across Europe and the rest of the world, the proportion using social media for news is even higher.

GROWTH IN SOCIAL MEDIA AS MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS BETWEEN 2015 AND 2016 SELECTED COUNTRIES Significant growth in social media as main source of news since 2015 in many countries

GENDER BASED DIFFERENCES IN HOW PEOPLE ARRIVE AT ONLINE NEWS ALL COUNTRIES Women more likely to discover news via social media than to directly access it from a news website or app.

MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS BY AGE ALL COUNTRIES For 18 -24 s, social media is now preferred to TV as a source of news for the first time. But, TV is still the most popular source for the over 45 s.

TOP SOCIAL NETWORKS FOR NEWS (AND FOR ANY PURPOSE) ALL COUNTRIES Facebook the most popular social network for news in every country surveyed other than Japan. You. Tube is in second place, and Twitter often in third. Twitter remains particular popular with journalists. 13/06/2014 RISJ Digital News Report 2014 11

WEEKLY USE OF SNAPCHAT DISCOVER FOR NEWS USA AND UK Snapchat discover not widely used for news outside of the 18 -24 age group in the USA.

USE OF SELECTED NEWS AGGREGATORS UK, USA, AUSTRALIA New mobile aggregators like Apple. News, Smartnews and Flipboard are far behind Facebook in terms of reach and importance.

WHY PEOPLE USE SOCIAL AND AGGREGATED NEWS USA, UK, GERMANY COMBINED Speed and variety are the key motivations for using social media and aggregators as news sources

I AGREE THAT EACH IS A GOOD WAY TO GET THE NEWS ALL COUNTRIES More people say that personalised algorithmic news is a good way to get the news compared to editors and journalists. Algorithms based on friends’ consumption least preferred. People think *they* are the best judge of what’s important to them.

I WORRY THAT MORE PERSONALISED NEWS MEANS… SELECTED COUNTRIES Strong concerns over the impact of personalisation on missing information, missing challenging viewpoints, and privacy 16

NEWS BRAND VISIBILITY ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND NEWS AGGREGATORS SELECTED COUNTRIES Finland most likely to notice the news brand on social media sites – twice as likely as the Irish sample. Least likely to notice the brand in Korea where there is a strong aggregator tradition 17

THE CONTINUED GROWTH OF MOBILE NEWS ACCESS

GROWTH OF SMARTPHONE NEWS USE SELECTED COUNTRIES Year-on-year smartphone for news growth shows no signs of slowing down. Smartphone news access higher than computer access in Switzerland, Sweden, and Korea. 19

UK REACHES TIPPING POINT FOR MOBILE NEWS Combined preference for smartphone and tablet news now higher than desktop/laptop in the UK. 20

MAIN DIGITAL NEWS DEVICE BY AGE UK Younger users prefer smartphone news access, older users prefer either tablets or the computer. 21

PROPORTION WHO ACCESS NEWS SEVERAL TIMES A DAY BY DEVICE ALL COUNTRIES The more devices people use, they more likely they are to access the news several times a day.

MAIN PATHWAYS TO NEWS BY DEVICE ALL COUNTRIES Stronger preference for social media as a news gateway among smartphone users than among tablet or computer users.

PROPORTION USING A NEWS APP ON A SMARTPHONE OR TABLET SELECTED COUNTRIES Use of news apps has grown in many countries since 2014.

PROPORTION WHO ARRIVED AT NEWS VIA A MOBILE ALERT SELECTED COUNTRIES Mobile news alerts have seen the biggest growth in Austria where they have doubled in use. Increases also in Ireland, Japan, Denmark, Turkey and Brazil 25

NEWS USE ON SMARTWATCHES ALL COUNTRIES Less than 1% in both the US and Europe use smartwatches for news. Of those that do use news, push alerts seem to be more popular than going directly to an app.

FIRST CONTACT WITH NEWS IN THE MORNING SELECTED COUNTRIES Internet is the most popular route to news in the morning for the younger age groups, but print and TV are still favoured by older groups. 20% get their first news contact via print in Finland

NEWS DESTINATIONS FOR SMARTPHONE USERS FIRST THING IN THE MORNING UK AND US Social media is used by half of those accessing their first news on their smartphone

NEWS FORMATS

CHANGE IN USE OF HOMEPAGE HEADLINE LISTS AND DIRECT TO NEWS ARTICLES OVER TIME UK In 2014, more people went to homepages to access news. In 2016, more people go direct to news articles.

TYPES OF NEWS ACCESSED IN THE LAST WEEK ALL COUNTRIES We see the emergence of news forms of news, such as live pages, listicles and infographics.

PROPORTION WHO WATCHED A NEWS VIDEO IN THE LAST WEEK ALL COUNTRIES After substantial rises for many markets in 2015, less upward movement this year USA leads in terms of consuming news videos online, experiencing a rise of 3%. Canada is a close second 32

BARRIERS TO NEWS VIDEO CONSUMPTION ALL COUNTRIES The number of people put off by pre-roll ads in front of online video is rising in some countries.

BALANCE BETWEEN DISTRIBUTED AND ONSITE NEWS VIDEO CONSUMPTION SELECTED COUNTRIES Off-site video news consumption particularly popular in countries where social media is also prevalent.

BALANCE BETWEEN DISTRIBUTED AND ON-SITE NEWS VIDEO CONSUMPTION AMONG UNDER 35 S SELECTED COUNTRIES Off-site video news consumption is more popular among the under 35 s.

PROPORTION WITHIN EACH GROUP THAT CONSUME ONLINE NEWS VIDEO ALL COUNTRIES

THE BUSINESS OF NEWS

PROPORTION THAT ARE CURRENTLY USING ADBLOCKNG SOFTWARE ALL COUNTRIES Ad blocking is widespread outside of Asia. A majority of under 35 s in Poland Greece use them. 38

PROPORTION WITHIN EACH AGE GROUP THAT CURRENT USE AN AD BLOCKING SOFTWARE SELECTED COUNTRIES Ad-blocking particularly popular with 18 -24 s. Once people download ad blockers, they rarely uninstall them.

REASONS FOR ADLOCKING SELECTED COUNTRIES There is no one reason for ad blocking but the volume and distracting nature comes out top almost everywhere with privacy concerns strong in Netherlands and Spain 40

PROPORTION THAT THINK THE LABELLNG OF SPONSORED CONTENT IS SIMPLE AND CLEAR SELECTED COUNTRIES 41

PROPORTION THAT AGREE THAT EACH TYPE OF ADVERTISING IS A FAIR PRICE TO PAY FOR FREE NEWS SELECTED COUNTRIES Under 35 s are more prepared to see sponsored or branded content in exchange for free news (Korea is the exception). They are also more likely to agree that its clearly labelled 42

PROPORTION WHO PAID FOR ONLNE NEWS IN THE LAST YEAR ALL COUNTRIES Highest in Norway and increases seen in many markets – Ireland, Austria, Poland, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Denmark and the Netherlands. Dip of 2% in the USA as some publishers abandon paywalls and free apps 43

TRUST IN THE NEWS

PROPORTION THAT AGREE THEY CAN TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME ALL COUNTRIES Trust highest in Finland, but lowest in Greece where the reputation of many institutions has been dented by the financial crisis. 45

TRUST IN NEWS ORGANISATIONS COMPARED TO TRUST IN JOURNALISTS ALL COUNTRIES In almost every country people trust news organisations more than they trust journalists. 46

TRADITIONAL NEWS BRANDS ONLINE

PROPORTION THAT USE EACH TYPE OF NEWS BRAND ONLINE ALL COUNTRIES Traditional news brands still matter enormously online, and remain more popular tha. N digital born brands.

PROPORTION OF ONLINE NEWS USERS WHO SAID EACH IS THEIR MAIN BRAND SELECTED COUNTRIES When asked about their main news brand, most people cite a traditional news brand rather than a pure player. 49

PROPORTION OF USERS OF EACH WHO SAID IT IS THEIR MAIN NEWS SOURCE UK Over half (51%) use BBC News each week and two thirds of them say (70%) users say it is their MAIN source of news. 14% use Huffington Post and 9% Buzzfeed but only a small proportion of them as a main source.

DECLINE OF BROADCAST NEWS FROM 2013 -2016 GERMANY, FRANCE, UK, US Use of live broadcast TV news falling sharply among under 35 s, with smaller decreases across all ages. 51

KEY DATA BY COUNTRY

USA: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK Local television reaches 42% across traditional and online sources. Fox follows with a reach of 37%, local newspapers reach 33% 53

USA: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 54

USA: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 55

UK: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK BBC News remains the most popular form of news accessed in the last week for both traditional and online access – achieving a reach of 78% across both higher than the national newspaper total reach of 63% 56

UK: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 57

UK: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 58

GERMANY: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK Tagesschau has a total reach of 51% across traditional and online sources, and local papers reach 39% when including both online and offline 59

GERMANY: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 60

GERMANY: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 61

FRANCE: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK BFM has an overall reach of 48%, a slight extension of its traditional reach of 44%. TF 1 has a total reach of 44% and M 6 27% 62

FRANCE: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 63

FRANCE: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 64

ITALY: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 65

ITALY: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 66

ITALY: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 67

SPAIN: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK Antena 3 maintains the top spot for traditional sources and has a reach of 60% when including online usage. La. Sexta has a total reach of 49%. 68

SPAIN: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 69

SPAIN: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 70

PORTUGAL: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 71

PORTUGAL: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 72

PORTUGAL: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 73

IRELAND: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK Irish Independent/ Herald reaches 44% and then Sky with 38% 74

IRELAND: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 75

IRELAND: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 76

NORWAY: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK The print source VG reaches 70% of the sample across offline and online sources, TV 2 reaches 64% and Dagbladet 51% 77

NORWAY: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 78

NORWAY: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 79

SWEDEN: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK SVT reaches 60% of the sample across traditional and online sources, Aftonbladet reaches 58% and TV 4 reaches 55% 80

SWEDEN: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 81

SWEDEN: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 82

FINLAND: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK Ilta-Sanomat reaches 64% across both platforms and Iltalehti 61% 83

FINLAND: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 84

FINLAND: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 85

DENMARK: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 86

DENMARK: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 87

DENMARK: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 88

BELGIUM: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 89

BELGIUM: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 90

BELGIUM: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND DEVICES 91

NETHERLANDS: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 92

NETHERLANDS: NEWS SOURCES AND DEVICES 93

NETHERLANDS: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 94

SWITZERLAND: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 95

SWITZERLAND: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 96

SWITZERLAND: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 97

AUSTRIA: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 98

AUSTRIA: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 99

AUSTRIA: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 100

HUNGARY: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 101

HUNGARY: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 102

HUNGARY: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 103

CZECH REPUBLIC: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 104

CZECH REPUBLIC: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 105

CZECH REPUBLIC: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 106

POLAND: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 107

POLAND: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 108

POLAND: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 109

GREECE: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 110

GREECE: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 111

GREECE: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 112

TURKEY: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 113

TURKEY: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 114

TURKEY: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 115

KOREA: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 116

KOREA: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 117

KOREA: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 118

JAPAN: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 119

JAPAN: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 120

JAPAN: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 121

AUSTRALIA: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 122

AUSTRALIA: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 123

AUSTRALIA: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 124

CANADA: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 125

CANADA: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 126

CANADA: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 127

BRAZIL: NEWS BRANDS USED LAST WEEK 128

BRAZIL: NEWS DEVICES AND SOURCES 129

BRAZIL: TRUST, SOCIAL, AND BUSINESS 130

ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS

PROPORTION WHO USED EACH AS A SOURCE OF NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK SELECTED COUNTRIES TV and online are the two most popular news sources in every country. Print is still strong in Austria and the Netherlands

PROPORTION OF EACH GENDER AND AGE GROUP THAT USED EACH SOURCE OF NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK ALL COUNTRIES Social media is the only news source used more commonly by women. 133

SEGMENTATION BY SOURCES AND DEVICES 134

PROPORTION OF DIGITALISTS AND TRADITIONALISTS ALL COUNTRIES Germany most traditional. Greece most digital. 135

WHO ARE THE TRADITIONALISTS?

SEGMENTATION BY FREQUENCY AND INTEREST 137

WHO ARE THE NEWS LOVERS?

ONLINE REACH OF NEWSPAPERS, BROADCASTERS AND DIGITAL BORN BRANDS SELECTED COUNTRIES Broadcasters perform well online in the USA, Canada and the UK. Print brands are popular online in Germany, France, Spain and Finland. Digital born brands lead in Poland, Korea and Japan. 139

TOP ONLINE NEWS BRANDS SELECTED COUNTRIES 140

GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF DIGITAL BORN NEWS BRANDS SELECTED COUNTRIES

STARTING POINTS FOR NEWS ALL COUNTRIES

WEEKLY REACH OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS VIA BROADCAST AND ONLINE SELECTED COUNTRIES PSBs in some countries have a large online reach. In other countries, there is a large difference between their online and offline use.

WEEKLY REACH OF STRONG PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS ONLINE BY AGE SELECTED COUNTRIES

PROPORTION THAT AGREED THAT THEY CAN TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME SELECTED COUNTRIES

PROPORTION OF OVER AND UNDER 35 S THAT AGREED THAT THEY CAN TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME SELECTED COUNTRIES In most countries older people are more likely to say that they trust most news most of the time.

PROPORTION OF LEFT WINGERS, RIGHT WINGERS, AND CENTRISTS THAT AGREED THAT THEY CAN TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME SELECTED COUNTRIES Trust in the news is higher among left-leaning respondents in the USA, but in Spain and the UK those are the right are more likely to trust the news.

STRENGTH OF CORRELATION WITH OVERALL TRUST IN NEWS SELECTED COUNTRIES Trust in news organisations is most closely linked to overall trust in the news. Trust in journalists is second.

PROPORTION OF USERS OF DIGITAL BORN BRANDS THAT SAID EACH WAS THEIR MAIN BRAND UK, USA, SPAIN, GERMANY (AGE OF BRAND IN BRACKETS) It takes time for digital-born brands to be regard as primary news sources. Older brands boast a larger proportion of users who say it is their main news source.

INTEREST IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEWS BY GENDER ALL COUNTRIES

PROPORTION THAT ARE MORE INTERESTED IN HARD NEWS OR MORE INTERESTED IN SOFT NEWS ALL COUNTRIES Outside of Asia, most people say they are more interested in hard news topics. In Japan and Korea, a preference for soft news is more common than elsewhere.

PROPORTION OF MALES AND FEMALES THAT ARE MORE INTERESTED IN SOFT NEWS TOPICS THAN HARD NEWS TOPICS SELECTED COUNTRIES Women in most countries are more likely to say that they are more interested in soft news, but this of course depends on how different news topics are grouped.

PROPORTION WITHIN EACH AGE GROUP THAT ARE MORE INTERESTED IN SOFT NEWS TOPICS THAN HARD NEWS TOPICS SELECTED COUNTRIES Younger people are more likely to say they are more interested in soft news.

PROPORTION OF THOSE THAT ARE MORE INTERESTED IN HARD NEWS AND SOFT NEWS TOPICS THAT SAY SOCIAL MEDIA IS THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS SELECTED COUNTRIES There is a link between soft news preference and social media use.

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY ENGAGE IN SOME FORM OF NEWS PARTICIPATION DURING THE AVERAGE WEEK ALL COUNTRIES Participation around news is most common in southern European countries, and Brazil.

PROPORTION THAT SHARED A NEWS STORY ON SOCIAL MEDIA COMPARED TO THE PROPORTION THAT USE SOCIAL MEDIA FOR NEWS SELECTED COUNTRIES Although social media news use is increasing rapidly, sharing and commenting on the news remains static in most countries.

PROPORTION THAT COMMENTED ON A NEWS STORY ON SOCIAL MEDIA COMPARED TO THE PROPORTION THAT USE SOCIAL MEDIA FOR NEWS SELECTED COUNTRIES

PARTICIPATION SEGMENTATION

PROPORTION OF POSITIVE PARTICIPATORS, REACTIVE PARTICIPATORS, AND PASSIVE CONSUMERS IN EACH COUNTRY ALL COUNTRIES In around two third of countries surveyed, most people are passive consumers and do not participate with the news.

PROPORTION THAT SAID THEY MOSTLY SHARE NEWS STORIES BECAUSE THEY APPROVE OF THE COVERAGE SELECTED COUNTRIES Most people share the news they approve of and news they disapprove of in roughly equal amounts. Sharing is more likely to be used to express disapproval in the UK.

PROPORTION THAT PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS IN THE LAST YEAR ALL COUNTRIES Less than one in five paid for any form of online news in the last year. In Norway, publishers have seen some success with digital/print bundles, which partly explains the high figure.

YEARLY MEDIAN PAYMENT FOR ONLINE NEWS ALL COUNTRIES (IN POUNDS STERLING) On average, those that do pay for online news tend to pay different amounts in different countries. Though only 7% of people pay in the UK, the average payment is the highest of any country.

COUNTRIES GROUPED BY DOMINANT METHOD OF PAYMENT FOR ONLINE NEWS ALL COUNTRIES

YEARLY MEDIAN PAYMENT FOR ONLINE NEWS COUNTRIES DOMINATED BY ONE-OFF AND ON-GOING PAYMENTS (IN POUNDS STERLING) In countries where on-going subscriptions are more common, the average payment tends to be higher. Average payments are low in countries where one-off payments are popular.

More information www. digitalnewsreport. org #DNP 2016 reuters. institute@politics. ox. ac. uk 165