Lextutor for Kids: Profiling the Vocabulary of K-2 Learners Hetty Roessingh, Ph. D hroessin@ucalgary. ca Tom Cobb, Ph. D cobb. tom@uqam. ca www. lextutor. ca/vp/kids
What is the Lextutor? • A tool for profiling the linguistic output of children whether narrative or written discourse. • Children’s linguistic output does not follow the same pattern as adults. • There is a need for a tool to profile the language of pre-literate youngsters aged 5 – 7 given the rapid increase of generation 1. 5.
Questions • What are the high frequency words that children aged 4 – 7 typically use that serve as the building blocks, or the core, for their emergent literacy development? • Beyond this core of spoken vocabulary, what kinds of vocabulary do children have and need that reflects their growing communicative abilities and their cognitive development as they begin to engage with the curriculum demands of school? • What sampling strategies are most efficacious for assessing the vocabulary levels of preliterate children?
What We Know • Children use the first 250 words to communicate around 75 – 80% in their every day talk. • Children of aged 7 should know about 2500 head words.
What We Want to Know • We want to know how to sample and profile a child’s output to tell us whether they are over dependent on the first 250 words and whether the remaining words reflect a good distribution of the words in the increasingly higher vocabulary bands (10 bands of 250 words each). • In other words, linguistic diversity includes – The number of total words – The number of different words – The distribution of words across the word bands • We want to develop profiles of “good” ESL acquisition compared to native speakers.
Developing the Tool • • We assembled various word lists of children’s linguistic output. Criteria for selection of the lists included – List is based on primary, longitudinal research. – List consists of words identified at ages 4, 5, 6, and 7, providing a developmental perspective on language acquisition. – List includes words that children might recognize and use in their initial literacy development (beginning reading and writing efforts). – List of words was generated in various contexts of language use: at play, at home and at school. – The method for generating the language was varied and included open ended, spontaneous children’s talk, as well as directed / scaffolded activity that would promote the child’s best effort at marshaling vocabulary available in the service of naming, describing, explaining, hypothesizing about his/her unfolding understanding of the world. – List included a large sample size. – Time spent in the field gathering the language samples was sufficient for the purposes of generating the list. • • The words were collated and leveled into 10 groups of 250 words each. Each word represented a word family.
The Lists Name of list: Comments: Word Express, The first 2500 words of spoken English. Stemach & Williams (1988, 2005) Composite list of 2500 words using Murphy (1957), Johnson (1971), Hopkins (1979), and Moe, Hopkins & Rush (1982). Murphy (1957). The spontaneous spkg vocab of chdrn in primary grades. Journal of Education, Boston U. , 140(2) Used and cited by many others as a foundational study. Hopkins (1979). Oral vocabulary of children in grade 1. Identifies the high frequency words in the spontaneous oral vocab of 125 1 rst gr. children. 250 words account for 78% of the lang. produced. Moe, Hopkins, Rush (1982). Vocabulary of first grade children. Extends the Hopkins list (above) to include 6412 words listed alphabetically and by frequency. Reich & Reich (1977). The vocabulary of primary school children. ED 147844 Canadian study. Compared about 13 different word lists (including Murphy, 1957) to help derive a new list of their own, taken from the spontaneous vocab of 457 children, gr. 1, 2, & 3. 67 function words and 137 content words Johnson (1971). Basic vocab for beginning reading. The Elementary School Journal, October, 1971, 29 -34. 306 words taken from Kucera & Francis (1967) and Murphy (1957). A blend of reading vocab taken from adult materials, and oral vocab of children k - 1 Fried & More (1992). An initial vocab for nonspk’g. preschool child’n. AAC These 3 studies were driven by the need to identify a core vocab for children who cannot speak. Small scale, but useful studies conducted at home and at school with speaking children. Check their website as well! http: //aac. unl. edu/VLNONAACCU 2. html Marvin, Beukelman (1994). Vocab use patterns. AAC, 10 Beukelman (1989). Frequency of wd. Usage by nondisabled peers. AAC Dolch, 1941. Available online. http: //gemini. es. brevard. k 12. fl. us/sheppard/reading/dolch. html 220 words based on children’s books. Perhaps the most well known list, even today. Still well respected and used extensively. Edwards & Gibbon (1964). Words your children use. British study that looked at samples of children’s writing at age 5, 6 &7. Harris & Jacobson (1982). Basic reading vocabularies. Analysed 8 graded reading series and tabulated all the words by level/gr.
The Tool
Sampling Strategy • The task design used to elicit the language sample took into account the following considerations: 1) developmentally appropriate and cognitively challenging; 2) authentic 3) constructivist and engaging; 4) language focus – factors such as memory capacity of youngsters reduced or eliminated; 5) culturally accessible to a diverse group of children; 6) high interest and motivational value.
A boy, a dog, and a frog (Mercer Mayer, 1967) • The wordless story book A boy, a dog and a frog (Mayer, 1967) was chosen as a prompt and a scaffold for eliciting spontaneous talk. The book consists of 29 black and white sketches of a young boy with his dog seeking to capture a frog. A series of humorous incidents leaves the boy and his dog returning home empty handed. The frog eventually follows their footprints home and joins his new found friends in the bath tub.
Pages from the book
Sample of Output (Native Speaker) • He tries to catch a frog. He sees a pond. Then, he sees a frog and he wants to catch it. And then the boy wants to catch the frog but he trips and he ends up in the water. Plop! So does his doggie. And the little boy says, ‘rrrrrrr!!!!!’ and the frog says, ‘ribbit. ’ And then the boy tries to catch the frog. ‘Ribbit, ribbit. ’ And then he sees the frog and the frog goes, ‘ribbit, ribbit. ’ Then the boy is going to catch him again. And the dog is swimming away. ‘Woof, woof. ’ He doesn’t see the frog. He’s going to catch him in his net. And he ends up catching the dog, and the frog goes over board. And the frog quietly creeps away. He’s angry. And the boy wants to get that frog. But he can’t. He thinks he’s going to hop on the lily pad. So he gives up. He is leaving the frog. He follows the trail. The trail goes to the house. He finds the boy in the bath tub with the dog at the end of the hallway, and he’s so happy to see the frog. The end. And from now on he’ll take care of him.
Profile (Native Speaker)
Sample of Output (ESL) • Taking a walk. He’s going down. He’s running and he’s going to fall. He fell in. His dog fell in. A bucket. The frog jumped. He’s going with the dog. The frog is in the tree. I think he wants to scare him. The frog is watching the boy. The boy is watching to the tree. He wants to catch the frog. He’s going to catch him. He got his dog! He’s under. He got the dog. He feels like he’s angry. I think he’s going to punch him. He looks sad. He’s really sad. I think he’s going to his house. Well, he’s angry. He’s sad. Footprints! I think he’s going to follow the footprints. He’s going to his house. Up to the bathroom. There’s the boy. He’s happy. I don’t know. He’s going to jump into the tub. He’s happy. He’s going to sit on the dog.
Profile (ESL)
Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test • • • This test efficiently measures a child’s vocabulary level by age and percentile rank. Each child’s score will be correlated to the vocabulary profile. For example, for the previous ESL profile (child was 5 years, 6 months old) the EOWPVT scores are as follows: – Raw: 44(ceiling item) – 7 (errors) = 37 – Percentile rank: 5 – Age Equiv. : 3 -6 • • Placing her two years behind her native speaking counterparts. We will revisit this child a year from now to note patterns of (accelerated) vocabulary development. We want to know if we can establish a trajectory for ESL learners that is distinguishable from a native speaker profile, a learning disabled profile, and a developmentally delayed profile and target interventions that will bring her to the linguistic thresholds that will permit academic success over time. That is, will this child be at the 30 th percentile a year from now.
References • • • • • • • • Bates-Mac. Arthur Communicative Development Inventory Bauman, J. http: //jbauman. com/index. htm Beck, I. , Mc. Keowan, M. , & Kucan, L. (2002). Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Beukelman, D. , Jones, R. , & Rowan, M. (1989). Frequency of word usage by nondisabled peers in integrated preschool classrooms. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 243 -248. Biemiller, A. (1999). Language and reading success. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books. Biemiller, A. & Slonim, N. (2001). Estimating root word vocabulary growth in normative and advantaged populations: Evidence for a common sequence of vocabulary acquisition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93 (3), 498 -520. Available online. Chall, J. S. , Jacobs, V. A. & Baldwin, L. E. (1990). The reading crisis: Why poor children fall behind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Dale, E. & O’Rourke, J. (1981). The living word vocabulary. Chicago: World Book/Childcraft International Fenson et al (2000). Short-form versions of the Mac. Arthur Communicative Development Inventory. Applied Psychology, 21, 95 -116. Fried-Oken, M. & More, L. . (1992). An initial vocabulary for nonspeaking preschool children based on developmental and environmental language sources. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 8, 41 -56. Greenhalgh, K. & Strong, C. (2001. Literate language features in spoken narratives of children with typical language and children with language impairments. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 32 , 114 -125. Available online. Hart, B. & Risley, T. (2003). The early catastrophe: The 30 million word gap by age 3. American Educator, Spring, 2003. Retrieved July 8, 2007. http: //www. aft. org/pubs-reports/american_educator/spring 2003/catastrophe. html Hart, B. & Risley, T. (1999) Learning to talk: The social world of children. Toronto, ON: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Co. Harris, A. & Jacobson, M. (1973/74). Some comparisons between Basic Elementary Reading Vocabularies and other word lists. Reading Research Quarterly, 1, 1973/74 , 87 -109. Hopkins, C. (1979). The spontaneous oral vocabulary of children in grade 1. The Elementary School Journal, 79 (4), 240 – 249. Johnson, D. (1971). A basic vocabulary for beginning reading. The Elementary School Journal, October , 29 – 34. Kucera, H. & Francis, W. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press. Marzano, R. (2004). Building background knowledge for academic achievement. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Marzano, R. & Marzano, J. (1988). A cluster approach to elementary vocabulary instruction. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. Marvin, C. , Beukelman, D. & Bilyeu, D. (1994). Vocabulary use patterns in pre-school children: Effects of context and time sampling. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 10 (December), 224 -236. Mayer, M. (1967). A boy a dog and a frog. New York, NY: Dial Books. Miller, G. & Gildea, P. (1987). How children learn words. Scientific American, September, 86 – 91. Moe, A. J. , Hopkins, C. , & R. T. Rush (1982). Vocabulary of first grade children. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas. Moskowitz, A. (1978). The acquisition of language. Scientific American, November, 92 – 108. Murphy, H. et al (1957). The spontaneous speaking vocabulary of children in primary grades. The Journal of Educational Research (Boston University), 140 , 1 – 105. Nation, P. (1993). Measuring readiness for simplified material: A test of the first 1, 000 words of English. In M. L. Tickoo (Ed. ) Simplification: Theory and application , RELC Anthology series No. 31, 193 – 203. Available online. Neuman, S. (2006). N is for nonsensical. Educational Leadership, October , 28 – 30. Reich, C. & Reich, P. (1977). The vocabulary of primary school children. Toronto, ON: Toronto Board of Education, Research Department. ED 147844 Stemach, G. & Williams, W. (1988). Word. Express: The first 2500 words of spoken English. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications. Stuart, M. , Dixon, M. , Masterson, J. & B. Gray (2003). Children’s early reading vocabulary: Description and word frequency lists. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 585 -598. http: //www. ioe. ac. uk/phd/llrc Watkins, R. & Kelly, D. (1995). Measuring lexical diversity. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38 (6), Available online.
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