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LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

The difference in the lexical systems of languages Difference in the semantic scope of The difference in the lexical systems of languages Difference in the semantic scope of a word Difference in the conceptualization and categorization of the world:

LSF “education” distance learning, part-time learning of both British and American English correlate with LSF “education” distance learning, part-time learning of both British and American English correlate with the Ukrainian дистанційна освіта, заочна/вечірня освіта. sandwich learning in British English has no correspondence in the Ukrainian LSF «education» .

polysemantic words that partially match the meanings of some lexical-semantic variants (primary school/ London polysemantic words that partially match the meanings of some lexical-semantic variants (primary school/ London school of economy) or polysemantic lexemes which have similar meanings in terms of one lexico-semantic variant. клас. Lexeme class in English can have three meanings. 1)“a group of students who are taught together”, − клас − підрозділ початкової, середньої школи, гімназії, ліцею, що охоплює учнів одного року навчання та однакового рівня знань. 2) “a group of students who finished studying (at school or university) in the same year”, випуск. 3) “а period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school”, урок. 4) a series of classes in a particular subject, i. e. курс.

 On the other hand in the Ukrainian language lexeme On the other hand in the Ukrainian language lexeme "class" besides the meaning of primary or secondary school unit or students of this unit still has two meanings: 1) in special education division where studying some subject under the expert guidance (accordion class, painting class); 2) room in the school gymnasium and so on, where the learning process takes place.

 words formed by telescopy, for example, a word “edutainment” (education + entertainment), the words formed by telescopy, for example, a word “edutainment” (education + entertainment), the meaning of which is “поєднання розваг і освіти; виклад інформаційних або освітніх матеріалів у розважальному стилі”, “самонавчання (за допомогою комп'ютера)” or “навчальні ігри, ігрове навчання (мультимедійне ПЗ на компакт-дисках або онлайнові служби, призначені для навчання в цікавій, ігровій формі)”.

Combinability of words: Великий, величезний Enormous changes (enormous sums of money, an enormous fortune. Combinability of words: Великий, величезний Enormous changes (enormous sums of money, an enormous fortune. These avalanches consist of enormous blocks of ice. Immense potential (the immense and boundless universe) Vast empire (a vast expanse, a vast crowd, the vast of heaven The Colorado River sends a vast body of water to the Gulf of California. It is not a single building, but rather a vast collection of chambers and galleries

Huge building (huge advantage, huge debts, huge discrepancy in exchange rates) Great delight (she Huge building (huge advantage, huge debts, huge discrepancy in exchange rates) Great delight (she is still on the human side of the great divide) Massive faults (a massive heart attack) gigantic frame of a mammoth (In Red Rock Valley the road is bordered by gigantic rocks) Extensive investments (extensive farming techniques, extensive assistance)

The word semantics reflects the specific national world view The contrastive analysis of similar The word semantics reflects the specific national world view The contrastive analysis of similar lexical and phraseological paradigms in different languages exposes so called “lacunas” or absence of verbal expression for certain concepts in different languages: weekend, afterthought, employee, trustee, advisee, siblings / Geschwister, challenge, Torschlusspanic

Difference in the cognitive/classification features of lexemes that belong to similar conceptual fields: посуд Difference in the cognitive/classification features of lexemes that belong to similar conceptual fields: посуд tableware plates and dishes ; глиняний посуд — earthenware; глиняний і фаянсовий посуд — crockery (late Middle English: perhaps from Flemish, and probably related to crack. Originally a Scots term for an old ewe, it came in the late 19 th cent. to denote an old or broken-down horse), pottery (pots and pans, pot flowers); фарфоровий посуд — china; хімічний посуд — chemical glassware; кухонний посуд — kitchen utensils (late Middle English (denoting domestic implements or vessels collectively): from Old French utensile, from medieval Latin, neuter of Latin utensilis ‘usable’, from uti ‘to use’); чайний посуд — tea things

Glass – material – склянка, фужер, рюмка Bowl – form – ваза, салатниця, кубок, Glass – material – склянка, фужер, рюмка Bowl – form – ваза, салатниця, кубок, підставка підсвічника, чаша терезів Basin – form and size – басейн, дно фонтана, велика миска, резервуар, таз Спортивний кубок – призначення, функція – cup, mug, bowl, goblet

Translation transformation is the alteration of the initial semantic properties of the SLT components Translation transformation is the alteration of the initial semantic properties of the SLT components in order to preserve the accuracy of information translation transformations are numerous and qualitatively different inter language changes that aim to achieve the equivalence in translation regardless of any discrepancies in formal and semantic properties of both languages…

 Lexical transformations Grammatical transformations Stylistic transformations Lexical transformations Grammatical transformations Stylistic transformations

Latishev’s classification is based on the type of the interlanguage deviation: Morphological - the Latishev’s classification is based on the type of the interlanguage deviation: Morphological - the substitution of one categorial form by the other or others; Syntactic – the change of the syntactic function of words and word combinations; Stylistic – the alteration of the stylistic properties of the utterance; Semantic – the alteration of both form of the sense expression and the semantic features that describe the situation; Mixed – the combination of the lexical and semantic and syntactic and morphological.

 Lexical transformation is the transference of the SLT words meanings under a certain Lexical transformation is the transference of the SLT words meanings under a certain context by such TL words which are not their dictionary equivalents but which render the sense of the original lexical units and their connotations.

Barkhudarov’s classification is based on the formal features: Rearrangements (перестановки), Addition (додавання), Substitutions (заміни), Barkhudarov’s classification is based on the formal features: Rearrangements (перестановки), Addition (додавання), Substitutions (заміни), Exclusion/omission (вилучення).

Rearrangements are the change of the order of elements in the TL utterance when Rearrangements are the change of the order of elements in the TL utterance when compared to the SL utterance. Substitution is the different morphological and syntactic changes as well as the semantic changes (particularization /конкретизація, generalization /генералізація, antonymic translation / антонімічний переклад, compensation / компенсація). Addition is the introduction of supplementary elements to the TL utterance Omission is the removal of certain elements in translation

Rezker defines 7 types of transformations: Диференціація значень; Concretization of meanings / Конкретизація значень; Rezker defines 7 types of transformations: Диференціація значень; Concretization of meanings / Конкретизація значень; Generalization of meanings / Генералізація значень; Semantic development / Змістовий розвиток; Antonymic translation / Антонімічний переклад; Complex modification / Цілісне перетворення; Compensation of losses / Компенсація втрат у процесі перекладу.

Concretization is the substitution of a word with general / broad meaning by a Concretization is the substitution of a word with general / broad meaning by a word with particular / narrow meaning you, meal, to be, to say, to tell, to go, to come, to leave, to arrive, to get, to have etc. He is in the army now. – Тепер він служить у війську. They arrived yesterday. – Вони прилетіли учора. Tell him to be our guest. – Запропонуй йому залишитися у нас. Mr. Yeltsyn said he expected six other states would join after his meeting on Saturday. Пан Єльцин підкреслив, що сподівається на те, що після суботньої зустрічі до угоди приєднаються шість інших республік.

At seven o’clock p. m. an excellent meal was served. О сьомій вечора подали At seven o’clock p. m. an excellent meal was served. О сьомій вечора подали чудову вечерю. My mother had left her chair in agitation, and gone behind it in the corner. Схвильована, мати підвелася з крісла і зачаїлася в кутку.

Generalization is the reverse process. It is the substitution of a word with narrow Generalization is the reverse process. It is the substitution of a word with narrow meaning by the word with broad meaning. No Hanging Bill. Законопроект про скасування смертної кари. “Я прослужив у війську півтора року”. “I have been eighteen months in the military”. 72 hours - три дні.

I haven’t seen him since I was fourteen, that’s when I left home he I haven’t seen him since I was fourteen, that’s when I left home he was already six-feet-two. (T. Capote). Я не бачилася з ним, відколи мені виповнилося чотирнадцять років, але коли я пішла від батьків, він уже був дебелим хлопцем.

Semantic development is the substitution of the SL word or word combination by a Semantic development is the substitution of the SL word or word combination by a lexical unit which meaning is logically deducible form the meaning of the original word From heat waves to storms to floods to fires to massive glacial melts, the global climate seems to be crashing around us. Від спалахів спеки до ураганів та повеней, від пожеж до глобального льодовикового танення, - все це приклади змін світового клімату.

Environmentalists and lawmakers spent years shouting at one another about whether the grim forecasts Environmentalists and lawmakers spent years shouting at one another about whether the grim forecasts were true, but in the past five years or so, the serious debate has quietly ended. Екологи та законодавці витратили роки на суперечки стосовно того, чи дійсно сумні прогнози стосовно глобального потепління правдиві, але, нарешті, десь приблизно за останні п’ять років серйозні дебати мирно закінчилися.

This is precisely what they have been warning would happen if we continued pumping This is precisely what they have been warning would happen if we continued pumping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping the heat that flows in from the sun and raising global temperatures. Вони неодноразово попереджали, що трапиться, якщо не припиниться викид парникових газів в атмосферу, затримання сонячних променів і підвищення глобальних температур.

Antonymic translation is the substitution of the SL word by a TL word with Antonymic translation is the substitution of the SL word by a TL word with opposite meaning. 1)Negation – when a word or word combination without negative seme or suffix in its semantic structure is substituted for a word with negative suffix or seme. 2) Affirmation – when a word with a negative seme is substituted with a word without negative suffix. 3) Annulment of the negative components available in the source text units.

Don’t stop moving – продовжуйте рух Keep moving – не зупиняйтесь She doesn’t read Don’t stop moving – продовжуйте рух Keep moving – не зупиняйтесь She doesn’t read much – Вона мало читає We had no end of good time – Ми чудово провели час

Complex modification is the translation of a word or word group od SL by Complex modification is the translation of a word or word group od SL by its paraphrasing Слово не горобець – вилетить не впіймаєш – A word spoken is past recalling

Substitution is the alteration of the SL word or word combination by other one Substitution is the alteration of the SL word or word combination by other one in the translation under the influence of idiomatic language or context; морський вовк – the sea-dog. She pulled out a cigarette and let it dangle between her lips unlighted (Вона дістала сигарету та тримала її у роті, не підпалюючи). He found it impossible to utter the next word (Він відчув, що не може більше сказати жодного слова). He made it a point to save so much every week (Він поставив собі за мету кожний тиждень відкладувати певну суму грошей).

 Addition is the introduction of new elements in order to make the implicit Addition is the introduction of new elements in order to make the implicit information of deep sentence structure explicit in its surface structure or addition of specific lexical and syntactic elements to the TL utterance required by the grammatical and stylistic norms: The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies. Новий державний секретар США запропонував скликати всесвітню конференцію з питань продовольчих ресурсів. People that represent the best American charities offered their aid. Представники найкращих американських благодійних організацій запропонували допомогу. The number of missing people has rose to… Число людей, що пропали без вісти, сягнуло…

 Omission is the reduction of the elements of the source text considered redundant Omission is the reduction of the elements of the source text considered redundant from the viewpoint of the TL structural patterns and stylistics. Just and equitable treatment – справедливе ставлення; The treaty was pronounced null and void. Угоду було проголошено недійсною. The proposal was rejected and repudiated. Пропозицію було відкинуто. First and foremost – першочерговий Flat and plain – ясно Free and easy – невимушено Bag and pray – благати By force and violence – шляхом насильства Really and truly – в дійсності.

 The bold and courageous struggle of colonies for independence. Мужня боротьба колоній за The bold and courageous struggle of colonies for independence. Мужня боротьба колоній за незалежність. Judging by all external appearances, this session of our Assembly is regular and normal… Судячи за зовнішніми ознаками, це є чергова сесія нашої Асамблеї… Burning or combustion is the process of uniting a fuel or combustible with the oxygen in the air. Згорання – це процес сполучення пального з киснем повітря. Within this framework the participating states will recognise and respect the freedom of the individual to profess and practise, alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in accordance with the dictates of his or her own conscience. В рамках цієї угоди країни-учасниці повинні визнавати свободу особи сповідувати окремо чи у спільноті будь-яку релігію чи вірування, діючи у відповідності з велінням власного сумління.

 Combination addition of omission and The Congress overwhelmingly authorised President Bush to use Combination addition of omission and The Congress overwhelmingly authorised President Bush to use all necessary and appropriate force against the terrorists who hijacked commercial airliners to destroy the World Trade Centre and damage the Pentagon. Переважною більшістю голосів конгрес надав президентові Бушу повноваження вживати всіх необхідних заходів проти терористів, які захопили пасажирські авіалайнери і, використавши їх, зруйнували Світовий торговельний центр та пошкодили Пентаґон.

 Define the type of translation transformations in the following examples I have been Define the type of translation transformations in the following examples I have been at him all the evening. (J. Joyce). Я докучала йому цілісінький вечір. Miss Spence’s car was standing by the front door. Авто панни Спенс припаркували біля парадного під‘їзду. She snatched away their plates with mock something… (K. Mansfield). Вона прибрала тарілки з липовими стравами. … he asked her if she could use a drink (T. Capote). … він запропонував їй келишок віскі. Oh dear, have you started bidding already? (flash). (J. Priestley). Дорогенька, ти вже показала масть? “I could certainly swallow a highball, ” said Logan. (J. Collier). Я не від того, щоб перехилити коктейль, зауважив Лоуген. Libbard is only a country doctor. You ought to see a specialist. Ліббард – всього-на-всього сільський лікар, вам варто було б проконсультуватися у кардіолога.

It might seem bizarre in the United States or in the rest of Europe It might seem bizarre in the United States or in the rest of Europe where for years, the directors of the national security and intelligence agencies have been routinely announced. У Сполучених Штатах та в решті країн Європи це могло б здаватися дивним, бо там керівники національних спецслужб, як правило, називалися у пресі. …the boy was reading a pulp magazine with intense concentration. (H. Slesar). … молодик зосереджено читав дешевий журнал On the other hand, she did not like the American crosstalking and dancing pair… (J. Priestley). А втім, вона не полюбляла американський естрадний дует.