Lexical Stylistic Devices Mixed Group Tropes expressing relations

Lexical Stylistic Devices Mixed Group. Tropes expressing relations

Mixed group Epithet Antonomasia allegory

Epithet from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον epitheton, "attributed, added“ suggestive, imaginative, evaluative destructive charms, glorious sight, encouraging smile

Epithet vs Logical Attribute Epithet blue eyes blue silence green leaf green youth iron knife iron will little girl my little baby wooden table wooden face

Irradiation "Such was the background of the wonderful, cruel, enchanting, bewildering, fatal great city. “ O. Henry “The horrid crags, by toppling convent crown'd, The cork-trees hoar that clothe shaggy steep, The mountain-moss by scorching skies imbrown'd, The sunken glen, whose sunless shrubs must weep, The tender azure of the unruffled deep, The orange tints that gild the greenest bough” "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage“ G. Byron

From Raven by E. Poe Once upon a midnight dreary, While I pondered weak and weary Over many a quaint and curious Volume of forgotten lore — Ah, distinctly I remember It was in the bleak December And each separate dying ember Wrought its ghost upon the floor —

Classification based on semantic principle Affective emotive proper Serve (or ). to convey the emotional evaluation of the object by the speaker. Most of the qualifying words found in the dictionary can be and are used as affective epithets E. g. gorgeous, nasty, magnificent, atrocious

Fixed epithets Closely connected with folklore and can be traced back to folk ballads E. g. true love, merry Christmas, dark forest, merry old Engla A number of them have originated in euphemistic writing of the late 16 th-17 th c. E. g. a valiant youth, a trembling maiden, dead silence, amiable lady, sweet smile, deep feelings Those which were first found in Homer's poetry and have been repeated since, are known as Homeric epithets E. g. swift-footed Achilles, rosy-fingered dawn. "The fixed epithet, a special variety found in epic poetry, is the repeated use of an adjective or phrase for the same subject; thus in Homer's Odyssey, the wife Penelope is always 'prudent, ' the son Telemachus is always 'sound minded, ' and Odysseus himself is 'many minded. '" (Stephen Adams, Poetic Designs. Broadview, 1997)

“Epitheton necessarium” Some epithets are known by the Latin term epitheton necessarium because they are required to distinguish the bearers, as an alternative to ordinals after their names: Richard the Lionheart Charles the Fat Charles the Bald Alexander the Great Catherine the Great

Metaphorical the smiling sun, a dreamlike experience “The lane was bordered on the left by wild, low-growing brambles, on the right by a high, neatly manicured hedge. Metonymical the umbrella man – the ex-umbrella man, the apple-juice seat.

Transferred epithet She had been with us ever since Jem was born, and I had felt her tyrannical presence as long as I could remember. I will make a palace fit for you and me Of green days in forest and blue days at sea.

Classification based on structural principles Two-step epithets - the process of qualifying seemingly passes two stages: the qualification of the object and the qualification of the qualification itself, as in "an unnaturally mild day“, "a pompously majestic female". Have a fixed structure Adv + Adj

Compound epithets are built like compound adjectives curly-headed, mischief-making monkey wild-looking young fellows

Reversed epithets A devil of a sea rolls in that bay (G. Byron); a little Flying Dutchman of a cab (J. Galsworthy. ); her brute of a brother (J. Galsworthy. ) a dog of a fellow (Ch. Diсkens);

Reversed epithet vs ordinary of-phrase the toy of the girl (the toy belonging to the girl); - a toy of a girl (a small, toylike girl), the kitten of the woman (the cat belonging to the woman); a kitten of a woman (a kittenlike woman). an hour of bliss, muscles of iron the sea of faces, the crown of her hair

String epithet "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature. “ Ch. Dickens well-matched, take couple fairly-balanced, give-and-

Epithets +Expressive Grammar Postposition "with fingers weary and worn“ Noun (noun phrase) as an apposition “the punctual servant of all work , the sun” (Ch. Dickens). a fool that you are wicked person ; a that he is (colloquial style, emotiveness) Morphology: “Mrs Weasley pursed her lips in an almost Aunt Petunia ish way. ” ‐

Hybrid structures are formed due to interlacing the field of epithet with the fields of other tropes: litotic hyperbolic oxymoronic ironic

Allegory is an extended image, especially a story in which fictional characters and actions are used to understand express aspects of concepts relating to human existence. the rhetorical strategy of extending a metaphor through an entire narrative so that objects, persons, and actions in the text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text. The most famous allegories in English is John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (1678), a tale of Christian salvation.

Periphrasis A kenning (derived from Old Norse) is a type of literary trope, specifically circumlocution, in the form of a compound (usually two words, often hyphenated) that employs figurative language in place of a more concrete single-word noun. Kennings are strongly associated with Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon poetry. E. g. Old Norse poets might replace sverð, the regular word for “sword”, with a more abstract compound such as “wound-hoe”.

twice modified: “feeder of war-gull” = “feeder of raven” = “warrior” “destroyers of eagle’s hunger” = “feeders of eagle” = “warrior” The longest kenning found in skaldic poetry occurs in Hafgerðingadrápa by Þórður Sjáreksson: “fire-brandisher of blizzard of ogress of protection-moon of steed of boatshed”

The longest kenning found in skaldic poetry occurs in Hafgerðingadrápa by Þórður Sjáreksson: “fire-brandisher of blizzard of ogress of protection-moon of steed of boatshed”

Political discourse terrorists → those who would slaughter innocents in the name of Intolerance disease → certain medical condition; bombing → limited air strike / air support

Euphemism "Children, I grant, should be innocent; but when the epithet is applied to men, or women, it is but a civil term for weakness. " (Mary Shelley)

Classification of modern euphemisms (А. А. Халанская, В. В. Панин) Politically correct (avoidance of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against (third age, big-boned, differently sized, hair-disadvantaged, indigenous person). Taboos connected with the primal fear of death and desease (moonchild instead of Cancer ) Political euphemisms (disguising the current social, economic, political problems and unpopular solutions) kill – neutralize. The Japan air selfdefense force flew its first humanitarian mission into Iraq as part of coalition air forces, landing at Tallil Air Base on March 3. Raising the social status of some professions (hairstylist, beautician garbage collector, sanitation engineer, environmental hygienist).

Миронина Анна Юрьевна “Политические эвфемизмы как средство реализации стратегии уклонения от истины в современном политическом дискурсе”(на материале публичных выступлений Б. Обамы)

The majority of euphemisms economic (201) diplomatic (163) politically correct (126) military (54)

I want to speak to you tonight about our effort in Afghanistan (Dec, 2009). Children from low-income families score 27 points below the average reading level, while students from wealthy families score fifteen points above the average (June 2005). We are willing to look out for one another and help people who are vulnerable and help people who are down on their luck (March 2010).

American mass media about Beslan terrorist attack ( «Комсомольская правда» , 09 -09 - 2004) attackers (нападавшие); captors (захватившие); fighters (бойцы); guerrillas (партизаны); insurgents (повстанцы); radicals (радикалы); rebels (бунтари); separatists (сепаратисты); activists (активисты).

Russian Mass Media Western Mass Media война, военный конфликт, военное вторжение, военное вмешательство, агрессия против peacemaking operation, humanitarian operation, antiterrorist operation, liberation, operation…to find the weapon of mass destruction, the war against global terrorism зверства американских солдат, садистское отношение к военнопленным, нарушение Женевской конвенции, нарушение прав человека, политика двойных стандартов по отношению к иракским военнопленным fulfilling of the orders, casualty, the «wrongdoers»

Irony ‘How are the children? ’ ‘Fine, thanks. ’ / ‘Oh, they’re delightful – charming, helpful, tidy, studious. . . ’

Brightly crystallized forms of oxymoronic language become art in literature created by the greatest writers: example author hateful good (Chaucer) proud humility (Spenser) darkness visible (Milton) damn with faint praise (Pope) expressive silence (Thomson) melancholy merriment (Byron) falsely true (Tennyson) parting is such sweet sorrow (Shakespeare) scalding coolness (Hemingway)

Hyperbole I am really worried about my husband. On Sunday he sat in front of the TV set from noon until 10: 30 p. m. There was no evidence of breathing. Waiting for a beer commercial, I lined them (the children) up and said stiffly, “Children, this is your father. ” He offered them a pretzel at the same time watching a beer can dancing with a hot dog. When we insisted he stand up, the children gasped. They remembered him as a much shorter man. (Bombeck 1991: 67) (Bombeck 1991: 68) “Boys! Get your hands in the car or they will blow off” “How many kids had their hands blown off last year? ” “Too many to count. ” “Did you ever see a hand that blew off in your windshield, Dad? ” (Bombeck 1991: 7)

“Boys! Get your hands in the car or they will blow off” “How many kids had their hands blown off last year? ” “Too many to count. ” “Did you ever see a hand that blew off in your windshield, Dad? ” “Hey, Dad, I just saw a hand fly by!” (Bombeck 1991: 7)

Understatement / Litotes The wind is rather strong. It caused some inconveniences. Not without pleasure.

Kate Fox “Watching the English” “understatement is a form of irony, rather than a distinct and separate type of humour. It is also a very English kind of irony” George Mikes said that the understatement ‘is not just a speciality of the English sense of humour; it is a way of life’.

K. Fox a debilitating and painful chronic illness ‘a bit of a nuisance’; a truly horrific experience ‘well, not exactly what I would have chosen’; a sight of breathtaking beauty is ‘quite pretty’; an outstanding performance or achievement is ‘not bad’; an act of abominable cruelty is ‘not very friendly’ an unforgivably stupid misjudgement is ‘not very clever’; The Antarctic is ‘rather cold’ and the Sahara ‘a bit too hot for my taste’ any exceptionally delightful object person or event, which in other cultures would warrant streams of superlatives, is pretty much covered by ‘nice’, or, if we wish to express more ardent approval, ‘very nice’.

Zeugma Medora took heart, a cheap hall bedroom, and two art lessons a week.

Zeugma Noun 1 Verb “took” • heart Noun 2 Noun. N • a cheap hall bedroom • two art lessons a week

She (the bride) was wrapt in rosy dreams and a kimono of the same hue. (O. Henry) Disco was working in all his shore dignity and a pair of beautiful carpet slippers. (R. Kipling)

Noun 1 Noun 2 Noun. N They had met at the table d`hote of an Eight Street “Del-monico`s” and found their tastes in art, chicory salad and bishop sleeves so congenial that the joint studio resulted. (O. Henry)

Noun 1 Adjective Noun 2 Noun. N He found himself in the street where by night are found the lightest hearts, vows and librettos (O. Henry)

Num+ Noun 1 Adverb Num+ Noun 2 Num+ Noun. N Ten years and three children earlier, I had used it with just the right blend of shock and disapproval.

Clara… was not a narrow woman either in mind or body. He had taken three weeks off and a ticket to Mentone. No one whom I have ever known knows as well as you do how to place properly belt buckles, semi-colons, hotel guests and hairpins.

Enumeration – semantically false chain Untidy, full of Greeks, Ishmaelites, cats, Italians, tomatoes, organs, coloured stuffs, queer names, people looking out of upper windows, it dwells remote from the British Body Politic.

Pun “To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms. “

Pun A pun is created from the intentional confusion of similarsounding words or phrases. Puns can be used as the basis for a joke or to reform an expression or cliché. 83 Puns are very versatile and can be used in a number of formats. They can take the form of riddles. Puns work better when spoken or heard than they do in print, because the ear transmits to the mind the most familiar interpretation of each word. (E. g. Hair today, gone tomorrow. )

I used to be twins. My mother has a picture of me when I was two. I believe we should all pay our tax bill with a smile. I tried - but they wanted cash.

Riddles and "daffy definitions. " What does a grape say when you step on it? - Nothing. It just gives a little whine. Detail: The act of removing a tail.