LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS A: The Largest Earthquake in the World Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILE FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES WILDFIRES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES
Natural Phenomena that can Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s Restlessness causes subduction of tectonic plates, which can cause ØTSUNAMIS
TECTONIC PLATES
SOUTH AMERICA AND CHILE
CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES
THE WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN CHILE MAY 22, 1960 A SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKE M 9. 5
WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE: CHILE; MAY 22, 1960
CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: VALDIVA)
LOCATION: NEAR VALDIVA
THE RUPTURE ZONE WAS 1, 000 KM (600 MILES) LONG
ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI HAZARDS ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS
EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/LOSS TSUNAMI FOUNDATION FAILURE FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING ST ON E RI CK O R 30 ON RY , B 25 AS AL D M OR CE 20 F IN NF RE I 15 I RE O NF H S LL CE FO V VI OR NF E E W AM ET FR L CR EE ON ST IN RE INTENSITY ME FRA D WOO L & A MET ALL VII A DW I RE ITH C D CE R 5 W RE N CO D CE R OR D CE LS N U T RE C 10 0 IT W E UN MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE 35 VIII IX
CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Severe damage from strong ground shaking occurred in the Valdivia-Puerto Montt area of Peru
GROUND SHAKING MAP
IMPACTS OF WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE • 1, 655 killed, 3, 000 injured, 2, 000 homeless, and $550 million damage in southern Chile;
TSUNAMI HAZARDS TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP, WAVE REGRESSION, COASTAL EROSION
A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH 10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT
Tsunamis Are Associated with Subduction Zone Earthquakes • M 7 or larger earthquakes that occur in oceanic subduction zones can cause: ØTsunamis
CAUSES OF DAMAGE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP TSUNAMIS “DISASTER LABORATORIES” INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
Severe damage from tsunami wave runup occurred in lowlying coastal areas of Peru as well as on the coasts of countries on the Pacific Rim
IMPACTS OF THE TSUNAMI • Tsunami caused 61 deaths, $75 million damage in Hawaii; • 138 deaths and $50 million damage in Japan; • 32 dead and missing in the Philippines; • $500, 000 damage to the west coast of the United States.
A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
A DISASTER is --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i. e. , a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e. g. , earthquakes, tsunamis, …) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low -probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
EQ-TS RISK • WINDSTORM HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK CHILE’S COMMUNITIES EQ-TS DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • FORECASTS/SCENARIOS • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKESTSUNAMIS PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL THE LIKELY HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKESTSUNAMIS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND/OR EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKESTSUNAMIS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN CHILE ARE INEVITABLE • ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING EARTHQUAKE— TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENT.
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I. E. , WORKING TOGETHER ON A COMMON GOAL) FOR BECOMINMG EQ— TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENT
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ— TS DISASTER RESILIENCE • MEASURMENT • DATABASES TECHNOLOGIES (E. G. , • DISASTER GROUND SHAKING; SCENARIOS STRAIN) • ZONATION OF • INFORMATION POTENTIAL DISASTER TECHNOLOGY AGENTS AS A TOOL (E. G. , GIS) FOR POLICY • RISK MODELING (E. G. , DECISIONS HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER REWILIENCE • AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMEMT • PREFABRICATION AND MODULARIZATION • ADVANCED MATERIALS (E. G. , COMPOSITES) • COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN • PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS • ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E. G. , BASE ISOLATION) • REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ— TS DISASTER RESILIENCE • PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS • MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E. G. , SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM) • DATABASES • SEISMIC ENGINEERING • MAPS: GROUND SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP • DISASTER SCENARIOS • WARNING SYSTEMS • RISK MODELING (E. G. , HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)
TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM • FACILITATES GETTING PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY OF TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP THROUGH HORIZONAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
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