Lesson Four The Trial That Rocked the World

Lesson Four The Trial That Rocked the World

John Scopes

Dayton

William Jennings Bry

Clarence Darrow

01 Jul 1925 Monkey Trial

Background Information Religion Charles Darwin Jury System Fundamentalist Beliefs The Bible Social Background of the Trial

Religions l God: the Deity, the Divinity, Holy One, Jehovah, the Lord, Providence, the Almighty, and the Creator. There is only one God in heaven or maybe in the world. But the belief in God has developed three religious sections, namely, Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

l Christianity l It is divided into several sections, the Roman Catholic, the Protestant and the Orthodox Eastern Church. They believe in trinity, that is, God is the Holy Father, the holy son and the holy spirit/ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation. l The Roman Catholic Church (罗马天主教)has a very strict organization, with Pope as its supreme leader, and cardinal, archbishop, bishop and priest (catholic father) under him successively. These clergies are not allowed to get married all their lives. People who belong to Roman Catholic Church have a tradition of going to church services every week.

l For Protestants (新教徒), things are not so rigorous（严格的）. They can worship God at home. Pastors, ministers and clergymen can get married. They don‘t have a supreme governing body as the Roman Catholics do. For Roman Catholics, you can only talk to God by way of a church, confessing your sins in the confessional （忏悔室） to a priest who grants you absolution （宽恕） in the name of God, but the Protestant believe they can talk directly to God. l Orthodox Eastern Church (东正教) has another divine creature to worship, the Blessed Virgin Mary.

l Judaism believes in Moses who led them away from persecutions of the Egyptians, and they suppose that God will come to the world one day in the future. Their prophets include King David and his son Solomon who was famous for his wealth and wisdom. They think that God had granted them a place of inhabitancy, the Promised Land which is the nowadays Israel. Jewish people have suffered religious discrimination by Christians over the long run of history. The Jewish people were not allowed to own land or serve at any government offices.

l. Islam l The Islamic believe in Muhammad, who is the last of the prophets (Adam, Noah (Adam’s 9 th generation grandson), Abraham, Moses and Jesus being the others), and that there will be a final judgment at the end of the world. Heaven awaits the faithful and hell the infidels（异教徒）. They call God Allah, and their bible is Koran（古兰经）. Their sacred symbol is not the cross but a crescent（新月）. A Moslem/Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca, birthplace of Muhammad, their holy city in Saudi Arabia. The Islamic are divided into two groups, Shiite (什叶派) and Sunnis (逊尼派). Most Iranians are Shiite while 85% of all Moslems are Sunnis.

American governing system l In the US, the power is divided between three agencies, with law-making power given to legislature (parliament: Congress and Senate), executive (the president and his administration) and judicial (the Federal Supreme Court which is composed of 9 members, the chief justice and eight associate justices, named by the president, subject to Senate confirmation).

Legislative(立法) Executive（行政） Judiciary（司法） American Government System Congress（国会） The Senate and The House of Representatives （参议院和众议院） The President（总统） The President （总统） The Federal Judiciary (法院) The Supreme Court （最高法院）

l The Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight judges. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the Chief Executive, but in deciding cases, he only has one vote as other judges. l Judges are nominated by the president and ratified(批准) by the Senate. Once appointed, they hold their position for life and can only be removed by the impeachment process.

Tennessee Supreme Court l The Tennessee Supreme Court is the state supreme court of the state of Tennessee. Janice Holder is the current Chief Justice. l Unlike other states, in which the state attorney general is directly elected or appointed by the governor or state legislature, the Tennessee Supreme Court appoints the Tennessee Attorney General.

Certain legal terms l Civil law l Criminal law l State courts vs. Federal courts l The jury trial/ Grand jury l Verdict l Sentencing l Witness/testify l Charge l Cross –examination l Objection l adjourn

l Jury: A group of laymen, called jurors, summoned to study the evidence and determine the facts in a dispute tried in a court of law. The formally produced evidence is considered the basis for decision by an objective jury. The use of the jury system is an important protection against judicial and administrative tyranny and is provided in most criminal and civil cases. A grand jury of 12 to 23 members usually considers the evidence and determines whether a trial is justified. A petty jury, usually of 12 members, sits at the trial proper and, after hearing the evidence, reaches a verdict. Traditionally, the verdict was required to be unanimous, but today some states allow majority verdicts.

l Lawyer: general term designating a person authorized to practice law in the courts or to serve clients as legal agent or adviser. Counselor/counsellor: a lawyer in the US who has acquired the right to plead causes in open court or whose specialty is conducting and arguing court cases. The corresponding British term is barrister. Counsel may be used as the equivalent of counselor, but it is also a collective noun. Attorney is often used in the US as equivalent to lawyer, but the term may be used more precisely to denote a legal agent who acts for a client as in settling wills, or defending or prosecuting a case in court. In England the term is solicitor who can only serve in a magistrate.

l Prosecutor: the person (often a lawyer) who brings a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law, or who represents in court the person who is bringing a criminal; charge against sb. l Plaintiff: a person who brings a charge against sb. (defendant) in court (of civil law) l Defendant: a person in a law trial against whom a charge is brought l the Accused: a person who is charged with doing wrong, a crime, etc. l Sentencing: If the verdict is “guilty”, the person is then convicted and the judge sentences him. If the defendant has been found innocent, he is acquitted.

l Cross-examination: The examination of a witness during a trial by the attorney of the adverse party, to text the accuracy of the testimony given by the witness on direct examination. l Witness: One who testifies or gives evidence under oath in a court of law, based on information that is personally known to him. l Objection: A means used during a trial to oppose the introduction of certain testimony, or to call to the attention of the court alleged improper action of the other party. l Appeal: When the trial may have been unfair, higher courts may review the judgment of the trial court. l A hang jury: If the members of the jury cannot agree, the jury is deadlocked. Then the case must be tired over again, before a different jury.

Bible l Name of the Christian Scriptures, consisting of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The traditional view is that the Bible was written under the guidance of God and is , therefore, entirely true. Interpretation of the Bible is a main point of difference between Protestantism, which holds that individual have the right to interpret the Bible for themselves, and Roman Catholicism, which teaches that individuals may read the Bible only as interpreted by the church.

l Old Testament: Christian name for the Hebrew Bible, the first portion of the Christian Bible, including 39 books. l Genesis 《创世纪》, first book of the Old Testament. It tells the origin of the world and of man, including the stories of man's disobedience and fall, Cain and Abel, and Noah; the career of God's special servant Abraham, including the sacrifice of Isaac, and Abraham's journey to Canaan and God's promises to him. etc. Controversy over its interpretation and literary history has been extensive.

Genesis 《圣经·创世纪》 l 1 st day: Day & Night l 2 nd day: Firmament (天空） & Water l 3 rd day: Earth & Sea l 4 th day: Seasons, days & years l 5 th day: Living Creatures in Sea & Sky l 6 th day: Beasts, Man & Woman l 7 th day: Have a rest

l New Testament: the distinctively Christian portion of the Bible, consisting of 27 books including four biographies of Jesus; a history of missionary activities, the Acts of the Apostles（使徒）; and 21 letters written by or to apostles. l Testament: a covenant/formal solemn agreement between God and man

Darwin’s Works and Theories

Charles Darwin l Charles Robert Darwin. At the age of 51, Charles Darwin had just published On the Origin of Species (November 22 nd, 1859) l Born on 12 February 1809, in England; died on 19 April 1882 (aged 73) The book itself evolved, and the naturalist Darwin produced six editions over the next dozen years. Charles Darwin himself did not apply the word evolution until the 1872 edition; he favored natural selection, a term that first appeared in print in 1857, two years before his book first saw print. Natural selection, by the way, contrasts with artificial selection, by which a farmer or breeder selects particular stock.

The Fundamentalist Movement

Fundamentalism l conservative religious movement that arose among members of various Protestant denominations early in the 20 th century in opposition to modern scientific tendency. l Its aim is to maintain traditional interpretations of the Bible and what believed to be the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith. Nowadays this word can apply to other religions.

John Scopes William J. Bryan

The Fuse of The Trial In 1925, John Scopes was arrested in Dayton, Tennessee, for teaching evolution in his high school biology class. He was charged with violating a state law that prohibited the teaching in public schools of any theory that conflicted with the biblical story of the Creation.

Conflict Bible Darwinism Science Religion

Pre-reading questions: l How many legal terms do you know? l How much do you know about the author? l What do you think of the struggles between fundamentalists and modernists? What did that show? l What do you think is the message of the article? (This article is intended to draw the world’s attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science /knowledge. )

Questions l What type of writing is this? In what order is the story told? l What do we anticipate, predict when seeing the title? l How many days did the trial last? Describe each day’s happening.

The process of the trial Day 1: Preliminary fight l. J. Scopes is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant. Today it is the teachers, and tomorrow it will be the magazines, … After a while, it is the setting of man against man. . . "That damned infidel. " l Day 2: calling witnesses l. Bryan: “The Christian believes that man came from above. . . The evolutionist believes…” l. Judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence. l. Climax of the trial: Darrow's trick to trap Bryan. Day 3: verdict: guilty, $100 fine and costs. Victorious defeat

Question l In what order is the story told? l Flashback

Structure of the text Part I(1 -9) Introduction Part II(10 -44) The Trial Part III(45 -48) The Post-Trial Happenings

Part I(1 -9) Introduction Pp(1 -2) Opening Scene Pp(3 -9) Flashback

Part II. Paras 10 -44: the trial Paras 10 -15: the first day of the trial Paras 16 -25: the second day of the trial Paras 26 -28: outside the court while adjourning Paras 29 -44: the climax and verdict of the trial

Detailed study of the text 1. The title: * Why did the trial rock the world? rock: shake violently l The President‘s murder rocked (震撼）the nation. （shock) l Another financial blow (storm) has rocked （动摇）the industry. l The theory rocked （动摇）the foundations of social and moral life.

Ⅱ Detailed Study of the Text l The Scopes Trial l Time: July, 1925 l The counsel for my defence: criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow l Leading counsel for the prosecution: William Jennings Bryan, orator, Democratic nominee for President of the U. S. , leader of the fundamentalist movement

2. Para 1 -2: An introduction to the trial: time and place; who were involved; lawyers coming for the defendant and for the prosecution; how it began. Para 1 : the setting 1)time and place 2) introduction of people on both sides --- counsel for the defense ; counsel for the prosecution l Description of the court: l a) terribly crowded l b) uncomfortably hot l c) noisy when the author took his defendant’s seat (the dock). l sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness

l 3. Counsel: l advice l e. g. They refused to listen to the old man’s counsel （建议）. The judge asked the counsel for the defense to explain his point. l one or more lawyers acting for sb. in a court of law. The counsel (律师）are present in court. 短语：hold/take counsel with sb (fml 文) consult sb 与某人商量

l cf. council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions, for a town, etc. , or to give advice 委员会 l the state council国务院 l the Council of Ministers内阁 l the UN Security Council安理会 l Official meetings of the town council(镇政 会) are always held in the council chamber( 会议室). l c. f. consul 领事

4. silver-tongued orator: persuasive eloquent public speaker l e. g. Sometimes we do get fooled by all that beautifully packaged, silver-tongued hype（宣传） of the record companies （唱片公司）. l Every cloud has a silver lining. 黑暗之中总有光明。 l Speech is silver, but silence is golden. l Silver State: informal name for Nevada and Colorado l silver medal; silver wedding （25周年纪念日） l 短语： born with a silver spoon in one's mouth

5. nominate 提名 l to suggest or name sb. officially for election to a position, office, honor, etc. l I wish to nominate Jane Morrison for president of the club. l nominee: 被提名者 a person who is nominated. l nominator 提名者 l nomination 提名 l a Nobel Prize nominee / a presidential nominee

6. the fundamentalist movement : 原教旨主义运动 a militantly conservative and fanatically religious American Protestant movement that began in the early 20 th century; it holds that the Bible is a verbally accurate recording of the word of God, and was strong in parts of the U. S. , especially in the South, at that time.

The revival of fundamentalism l After WW I, religious intolerances were rampant. l Quite a few states passed laws prohibiting the teaching of Darwinist evolution. l When John Scopes, a school teacher, defied the law by teaching evolution, he was brought up for trial. l The court debate was not only a reflection of religious conflicts but also a significant struggle between the progressive and the reactionary.

the fundamentalist movement that had brought about the trial: The trial was brought to court by Scopes and his lawyers. However, it was the fundamentalist movement which made the trial necessary, because it was this movement that had created the religious atmosphere that was responsible for the law which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the schools, and it was the existence of that law which made it necessary to hold a trial to challenge the law.

l 7. testify (against, for, to): l a. to make a solemn statement of what is true 作证 l The teacher testified to the pupil’s ability and willingness to work hard. l Can you testify that you saw the defendant at the scene of the crime? l One witness testified for the innocence of the suspect. l b. to serve as proof: 表明 l Her red face testified to her shyness. l testimony 证词 vs. perjury 伪证 l 8. distinguished： renowned； eminent

Ivy League常春藤盟校

l 9. on hand: available（手边）, present (出席） within reach: the distance one can reach at hand: nearby; near in time or place ¡Always have your dictionary on hand / within reach / at hand when you study. ¡Please be on hand at 12 sharp. ¡I have a great deal of important work on hand. l All his old friends will be on hand to see Jack receive the medal of honour. l I want you to be at hand during my interview with the boss of the company. l The Halloween at hand （即将）.

10. “Don’t worry, son, … around my shoulder … : son : an affectionate term used by an older person to a boy or young man show them a few tricks : to do a few things / sth. to outwit the prosecution, or to have some clever and unexpected tactics to surprise them in the trial reassuring arm: Obviously the arm can’t be reassuring; it means in a reassuring manner, a friendly gesture to put John at ease. It is an example of “transferred epithet”.

l Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. l = reassuring 应该 修饰动 作throw, 即throwing an arm round my shoulder in a reassuring manner. l Transferred epithet l 转移修饰语；移就 l “a figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong” (A Dictionary of Literary Terms)

说明人的修饰语移用于说明人体某一部位 l Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder. l Summoning the waiter, he stabbed an accusing finger at the soup bowl and cried, “Le Mouche！”

Transferred epithet l His stories achieved nothing but cheap laughs. l 他的故事仅仅赚了点儿廉价的笑声。 l They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words. l 他们延长握手的时间，让摄影师照相，同时微笑着 交谈。

Transferred epithet l Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest. l 富兰克林 ·罗斯福目光炯炯，满脸笑容，聚精会神地听着； 他没说什么，只是跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩。 l 相思枕上的长夜，怎样的厌厌难尽啊！（闻一多《红豆》） l 怒发冲冠，凭栏处，萧萧雨歇。抬望眼仰天长啸，壮怀激烈。 （岳飞《满江红》） l 自春来，惨绿愁红，芳心事事可可。（柳永《定风波》）

11. erupt: to explode and pour out fire (volcanoes, geysers, wars, emotions, etc. ) l The volcano erupted lava（火山岩） and ashes. l He erupted angry words. l Violence erupted in the city after the football.

eruption ashes lava rock fragments crater/vent hot vapor 火山口 an active an extinct volcano a dormant conical earth’s crust 地壳 gas

l 12. a clash between the fundamentalists and the modernists. l The fundamentalists: a literal interpretation of the Old Testament l The modernists: accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution

13. Old Testament: that part of the Bible that refers to events before the birth of Christ. * Note: All the words like the Bible, God (Lord, He, Him) and Christ (Savior) are capitalized. 14. adhere to: to favor strongly, stick firmly to ¡The wallpaper won't adhere to the ceiling. ¡They adhere to the contract. ¡He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting. ¡adhere to the four cardinal / fundamental principles (坚持四项基本原则）

15. the state legislature: The official body of people who passes (determine, decide) laws. Each of the 50 states in the U. S. has a legislature. The national legislature is called the congress. 16. aim ( at ): point or direct towards some object, esp. with the intention of hitting it l c. f. aim / direct / level / point / train l The central meaning shared by these verbs is to turn something in the direction of an intended goal or target. l aimed the camera at the guests l directing her eyes on the book l leveled criticism at the administration l pointing a finger at the suspect l trained the gun on the intruder

l 17. indict: ( indict sb. for a crime)：charge sb. Formally and officially ¡Five men were caught at the scene and indicted. ¡accuse, charge, prosecute, blame ¡accuse sb. of cheating ¡charge sb. with cheating ¡prosecute sb. for theft ¡sue sb. for theft ¡blame sb. for the failure

l 18. least of all: less than anyone/anything else （最不应该；尤其不） l Nobody ought to complain; he least of all who has received so much kindness should do so. l 谁都不应抱怨，他尤其不应该，他已得到这么多恩惠。 l He liked that book least of all. l not in the least (not at all) l to say the least (of it) 至少可以这么说 l His performance was disappointing, to say the least of it. l It was rather an unsatisfactory dinner, to say the least of it. l 那次宴会，相当令人不满意，至少可以如此说。 l Not least: 尤其是 l He likes her, not least her sweet voice.

19. snowball: to increase in size faster and faster or uncontrollably l He helped the organization to snowball its political influence. l 他帮助那家机构迅速增大政治影响力。 l The number of signers of the petition for a new school snowballed. l 要求增设新学校的签名人数越来越多。 20. renowned : Cf. notorious

Charles W. and William J. Bryan

circus atmosphere festive atmosphere in Dayton All sorts of activities were going on in the town and there was a kind of noisy holiday spirit there. (Suddenly the town was transformed into a kind of circus with many people coming to hear the trial. The town people took advantage of the sudden influx of visitors to expand their business activities. ) Dayton scene during the trial

21. festoon The garden was festooned with coloured lights. 22. sprout: to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly 23. evangelist: one who preaches the gospel (good news) 24. exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth. to exhort sb. to do good / to work harder, etc. 25. “infidel outsiders”: the northern, big city lawyers, professors and scientists who are unbelievers in religious senses (meaning these outsiders are godless and implying being in the hands of the devil) and who would be held in suspicion as troublemakers by narrow-minded, small town southerners. * It’s in quotes to signify that this is a false view held by such people.

异教徒 l infidel: a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one’s own, implying being in the hands of the devil l pagan: a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions l heretic: a person believing in or practicing religious heresy （异端邪说)

26. …ageing and paunchy, was assisted … Tom Stewart : paunchy: (derog. and humour) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot-bellied attorney general : chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the U. S （首席检察官） * Note that Bryan is described as someone becoming old and having a fat stomach or pot-bellied, which is derogatory and humorous. 27. shrewd: clever in judgment, esp. of what is to one's own advantage magnetic： charming steeped in: thoroughly filled or familiar with; saturated, immersed, imbued with l a place steeped in mystery （充满） l a mind steeped in law (精通于） l be steeped in women and liquor 沉缅于酒色

28. In a trial … Darrow was a agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew : From the make-up of the legal counsel for the defense, we could see that probably they were people more broadminded and more objective in their look. You’ve got somebody not believing in God, you’ve got somebody who was a Catholic and you’ve got somebody who was a Jew. agnostic : a person who believes that nothing can be known about God or of anything else except material things, or who questions the existence o God and claims that His existence can’t be proved 不可知者 l Cf. atheist: a person who disbelieves in the existence of God. 无神论者

29. preliminary: introductory, preparatory 30. spar: to box without hitting hard （轻打）; (fig. ) argue or dispute (with sb) ¡The children are sparring with each other. legality : 合法性 31. drawl: speak in a slow, lazy way with prolonged vowel sounds l People are getting used to Bush’s Texas drawl. l 人们慢慢习惯了布什的得州慢腔调。 (Darrow was speaking slowly and dramatically that the attorney-general said that John Scopes was being tried because he had broken the law. )

32. He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant : ignorance: ¡ Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems. ¡ We are in complete ignorance of his plans. ¡ She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is. bigotry: obstinate narrow-minded; intolerance; prejudice The report reveals racism and right-wing bigotry. l bigot: a person who thinks strongly that his own opinion and belief is correct l bigoted l rampant: widespread and impossible to control l The vines（葡萄树） ran rampant over the fence. l Ignorance is rampant among them. l a rampant leopard 一只暴怒的豹子

33. Today it is the teachers … the human mind : Now it is John Scopes who is persecuted and later, if this goes on, other people will be persecuted, too. And if this goes on, we’re retrogressing (not marching or going forward for a great cause) to the dark middle ages when people are burned to death who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to human beings. “glorious” is used ironically as Darrow is being sarcastic by referring to the dark Middle Ages as “the glorious age”. So is the phrase “marching backward”. It is ironical because marching usually implies going forward for a great cause, while here it actually means retrogress to the dark age of the 16 th century.

34. contaminate: to make impure, bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matter ¡ Don't eat the food, it may have been contaminated by the flies. ¡ The river is contaminated with waste from the factory. ¡ Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas. 35. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below : （Antithesis对照） Bryan here is setting one against the other. From his use of “came” and “must have come”, we can see that he seems to suggest that it is a matter of fact that man was created by god in the heaven and they are quite sure of that, whereas it is only a guess by the evolutionist that man evolved from lower species.

36. brandish: to wave threateningly sth. esp. a weapon I shall brandish my sword before them. denounce: to criticize severely and publicly; condemn as evil ¡ A mass meeting denounced him as a traitor. Brandish and denounce give a sense of Bryan behaving as if he had a sacred calling / duty from God. This sentence and the next paragraph suggest that he is implying that theory of evolution comes from the devil (Satan), and that the supporters of the defense are doing the devil’s work.

37. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound ¡the sonorous tones of the priest 38. reconcile: make peace between, find agreement between ¡I cannot reconcile the two points of view. ¡The two girls quarreled but are now reconciled. 39. divine: of, related to, or being god or a god

40. fervor: passion, zeal, enthusiasm, intense heat ¡speak with great fervour ¡fervent: showing strong and warm feelings; passionate ¡a fervent love / hatred ¡ a fervent lover / admirer 41. arena: an area of land or a large room; field ¡The city built a new sports arena. ¡After World II Japan entered the arena of international trade.

Yet sth was lacking. … as he should have : Though the audience received his speech with applause and cheers, they didn’t seem to be completely satisfied as Bryan this time lacked the fierce fervor in his past speeches, and they seemed to feel their champion had not been forceful enough in his attack against the unbelievers in God. * Note the images of heat and fire bring to mind the 16 th century burning of infidels at the stake, but this time not burning or scorching with firewood but with heated condemnation.

43. appeal: to make a strong request for help, support, mercy; attract, interest ¡He appealed to his attacker for mercy. ¡He appealed to me for help. ¡Some people say Peking Opera is too oldfashioned to appeal to people any longer. ¡The idea appealed to me.

44. intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent l intellect: the ability to understand or deal with ideas and information l intellectual: adj. concerning the intellect, able to use the intellect well n. a person who works and lives by using his mind ¡It is man's intellect that distinguishes him from the beasts. ¡Chess is a highly intellectual game. ¡He is an intellectual person / an intellectual. (An Intellectual or Intellectual person is one who has developed his brain and is highly educated)

l intelligence: a. good ability to learn and understand quickly (IQ= intelligence quotient ) b. information (e. g. CIA) l intelligent: having or showing powers of reasoning or understanding ¡One can be very intelligent / have great intelligence, without knowing much. ¡A small child with a clever quick mind is intelligent but he can hardly be an intellectual.

45. duel: preplanned combat with deadly weapons between two people 46. eternal; immortal 47. momentary hush 48. oratorical duel 49. adjourn : break off for a time; close or suspend a meeting, usually to be resumed at another time swarm with : be full of

50. DARWIN IS RIGHT --- INSIDE : (pun) The author or the shop owner plays on the different meanings of the words. Darwin can refer to the English naturalist or to the shop owner, while right can mean correct or directly. So when one pauses before the dash, the sign means Darwin (the naturalist) is correct; yet when you read out the whole sign in one breath, it means the shop owner is directly inside. 51. ponder: ¡Each chess player will have five minutes to ponder his next move. ¡Give me a few days to ponder over it.

52. The poor brute cowered in a corner … afraid it might be true : The reporter was very critical. He wrote in an assumingly sympathetic way for the unfortunate tailless monkey or anthropoid, but the intention was to ridicule the foolishness of the fundamentalists. He said that men are so narrowminded and so provincial that not even monkeys want to be related to the human beings. The ape is afraid that it might be related to man. Here the reporter implies that the ape didn’t want to be related to man. (So even the ape shrank in fear when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with those irrational human beings. )

53. sulphurous dispatch sulphur: Am. E. sulfur. 硫磺 dispatch: a report sent by a journalist who is in a different town or country ¡ I picked up the paper and read a dispatch from a correspondent in New York. 54. collapse ¡ The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow. ¡ If you work too hard, your health may collapse. ¡ Their marriage collapsed. resume We'll stop here and resume working at 2 o'clock. resume---curriculum vitae

55. Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense. The judge looked startled : Darrow played his winning card by calling Bryan to give evidence in court on behalf of the defense, which is sth very unexpected, sth quite unheard of, because if you speak for the prosecution you can’t be the witness for the defense as you can’t be on both sides. That is why the judge was shocked or very much surprised. 56. We are calling him as an expert … throughout the world : Here Darrow explains why he calls Bryan as a witness for the defense. He said Bryan was considered an authority on matters concerning the Bible and people all over the world admitted that he was an expert on the Bible, which is an exaggeration meant to ridicule Bryan and to put him in an disadvantageous position.

57. Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow … suspicious of: not trust; showing or expressing distrust wily : clever in tricks, esp. for getting sth one wants; cunning or sly; (wily implies the deceiving of others by subtle, cunning pretences, usually unscrupulous regarding the means to one’s end) challenge: a call to fight or engage in contest Bryan was no fool. He sensed that there could be sth fishing in this remark by Darrow or he suspected that Darrow had some tricks up his sleeves, but it was impossible for him not to accept the call to fight.

58. Resolutely he strode to the stand, …repel his enemies strode: walk with long steps repel: to drive back by force, rebuff ¡to repel an attack ¡This material will repel heat and moisture. The author depicts Bryan as a soldier going to battle with the palm fan as his weapon. The depiction creates a vivid and ridiculous image in the reader’s mind: the three-time Democratic presidential nominee, the authority on Scripture walked bravely to the witness stand to meet the challenge with a palm fan in his hand. Here Bryan was actually cut out as a very funny figure, a Don Quixote type of hero.

59. Under Darrow’s quiet questioning … with fervent “Amens” : l punctuate: to interrupt from time to time ¡a speech punctuated with cheers defiant: showing no fear or respect Pay attention to the way Darrow asked Bryan the questions. He was confident, intelligent and relaxed. And he was not in a hurry to let known his trick. Meanwhile the fickle spectators, who were mainly fundamentalists, switched back to Bryan’s side, and took his words as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with “Amens”.

60. Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence … the faithful : snigger Bryan was getting angry and excited. He must have been sweating both from the heat and embarrassment. And the audience thought it was funny because Darrow had set a trap for him and probably he had already got into the trap. 61. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning : This action of turning round and round quickly his glasses exposes a lot about the personality of Darrow. Here he was sure that Bryan was getting into trouble. Bryan was falling into the trap he had set and Darrow felt very confident that he was going to win.

The story of Eve Adam, first man, made by God, who then decide Adam should have a companion. Therefore, he took a rib from Adam’s side and made Eve. They lived ignorant, naked, without any thought of a sexual relationship in the Garden of Eden, which was Paradise (Heaven) on earth. In the Garden was a Tree of Knowledge with apples. God told them not to eat from the tree. The Serpent (snake) representing evil, persuaded Eve to have an apple, which she ate and then persuaded Adam to eat too. God punished the snake for luring Eve into evil by condemning it and all snakes after to crawl on their bellies. Adam and Eve were banished from paradise and condemned to live and die in a sorrow and misery

62. this man who does not believe in God … to cast slurs on Him : This infidel is using this trial to insult God, which is a terrible crime in the eyes of Christians. Bryan here is attempting to save face, turn the tables on Darrow and win back sympathy from the audience for himself by charging Darrow with being an infidel who is making use of the court to belittle God. Actually whether or not Darrow believed in God was irrelevant. 63. quell; hubbub 64. forlornly

65. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand : go out to : (fml) feel sorry for; feel pity or sympathy for old warrior : old fighter, here referring to Bryan because he had been fighting for a long time for his fundamentalist belief Darrow had gotten the best of Bryan, who looked helplessly lost and pitiable as everyone ignored him and rushed past him to congratulate Darrow. When I saw this, I felt very sorry for Bryan. 66. verdict: the official decision made by a jury in a court of law, declared to the judge at the end of a trial

67. “victorious defeat” : It was a defeat, all right, but morally he was victorious. To put it another way, it was literally a defeat (found guilty, fined 100 dollars and costs), but really sth of a victory for the evolutionists because the very light sentence signifies the jury wasn’t outraged at his “crime”. Also the trial brought the issues out in the open, and the publicity largely showed the scientific viewpoint in a favorable light and as reasonable. These really were the main objectives of having the trial in the first place. victorious defeat (oxymoron矛盾修辞法)

68. hail: a. to salute, greet with enthusiastic approval ¡ The crowd hailed the victor. ¡ The people lined the streets to hail the returning heroes. b. to summon by calling ¡ to hail a taxi / a passing boat 69. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton … : The lost of his case was really a big blow and he died heartbroken probably, because he knew at heart he’d been beaten although legally he’d won the case. * So far, the trial had been depicted in great detail, every step of it, until the death of Bryan.

70. The oratorical storm… passing years. blow up: start blowing; arrive in its wake: following directly or close behind it; following as a consequence The other change was the new open-mindedness that spread throughout the country as a result of the attention the trial received. The battle Darrow and Malone fought in the little court in Dayton drew attention all over the country. It brought changes in the US and paved the way for the spreading of the concept that people should be allowed to express their ideas freely. Today free expression of ideas is accepted by most people. Metaphor:

Legal Terms in the Text l trial, case, criminal lawyer, counsel, the counsel for the defence, leading counsel for the prosecution, prosecute, attorney-general, indict, violate the law, legality l judge, gavel, session, adjourn, witness, testify, evidence, question, jurymen/jurors, verdict, conviction, fine, costs l legislature, the U. S. Supreme Court

l Summary of Figures of Speech

l Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. l Transferred epithet l 转移修饰语；移就 l “a figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong” (A Dictionary of Literary Terms)

Transferred epithet l His stories achieved nothing but cheap laughs. l 他的故事仅仅赚了点儿廉价的笑声。 l They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words. l 他们延长握手的时间，让摄影师照相，同时微笑着 交谈。

Transferred epithet l Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest. l 富兰克林 ·罗斯福目光炯炯，满脸笑容，聚精会神地听着； 他没说什么，只是跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩。 l 相思枕上的长夜，怎样的厌厌难尽啊！（闻一多《红豆》） l 怒发冲冠，凭栏处，萧萧雨歇。抬望眼仰天长啸，壮怀激烈。 （岳飞《满江红》） l 自春来，惨绿愁红，芳心事事可可。（柳永《定风波》）

Metaphor: Metaphor is a part of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another; … 1) When I was indicted on May 7, no one , least of all I, anticipated that my cases would snowball into one of the most famous trial in U. S. history. 2) By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1, 500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. 3) “That’s one hell of a jury!”

Hyperbole (exaggeration) 4) Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. (also Hyperbole) 5) When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Btyan. 6) Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. 7) The oratorial storm that…, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.

Parallelism: a structural arrangement of parts of a sentence, sentences, paragraphs, and larger units of composition by which one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased. 1) “There is never a duel with the truth, ” he roared. “The truth always wins--- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal, and needs no human agency to support it. ” (also: Repetition: a rhetorical device reiterating a word or phrase, or rewording the same idea, to secure emphasis. )

3. Simile: a figure bof speech in which a similarity between two objects is directively expressed. 1) Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies. 2)The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Malone blew up in the little court in dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, … 4. Irony: a figure of speech in which the actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning. 1)After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dare to bring any

5. Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect. 1) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat. ” other examples: cruel kindness,

6. Pun: a figure of speech depending upon a similarity of sound a disparity of meaning. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT--- INSIDE.

Religious Terms in the Text l fundamentalist movement, fundamentalism, fundamentalists, modernists l The Old Testament, Genesis, the story of Eve, serpent l agnostic, infidel, Evangelists, Catholic, Jew

Rhetorical Devices in the Text l Metaphor, Simile, Hyperbole l Antithesis l Transferred epithet, Oxymoron, Pun l Metonymy, Synecdoche l Irony, Ridicule, Sarcasm

Synecdoche l The case had erupted round my head.

Detailed Study of the Text l Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible. l Nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.

Detailed Study of the Text l “Let’s take this thing to court, and test the legality of it. ” l The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) l to “establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail. ” l Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. l Darrow offered his services to defend me.

l The presiding judge: John Raulston l The counsel for prosecuting me: Bryan, assisted by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee’s attorney-general l My counsel: Darrow, 68, agnostic; Malone, 43, Catholic; Hays, Jew l — A trial in which religion played a key role.

l agnostic: n. a person who is not sure whether or not God exists or who believes that we cannot know whether God exists or not l 不可知论者 l infidel: n. (old use) an offensive way of referring to sb who does not believe in what the speaker considers to be the true religion l 异教徒；不信正统宗教者

Charles W. and William J. Bryan

Darrow and Bryan chat in court during the Scopes Trial

Detailed Study of the Text Part 1 l “A buzz ran through the crowd … My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial. ” l Introduction: the background of the trial l When, where, why, who

The first day of the trial l The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. l On the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible; one couldn’t read.

The first day of the trial l Preliminary sparring over legalities l Darrow got up to make his opening statement. l He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant. l We are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth centruy. l Response: l “That damned infidel, ” a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address.

The following day of the trial l The prosecution began calling witnesses against me. Two of my pupils testified. l After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. l Malone popped up to reply. l Although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defense.

When the court adjourned l Dayton’s streets swarming with strangers l Hawkers cried their wares l J. R. Darwin’s Everything to Wear Store l Ape display l H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches. l Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165 000 words a day on the trial.

Pun l One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT — INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin’s Everything to Wear Store. )

Henry Louis Mencken (September 12, 1880 – January 29, 1956)

Mencken is fictionalized in the play Inherit the Wind as the cynical sarcastic atheist E. K. Hornbeck (right). On the left is Henry Drummond, based on Clarence Darrow.

The climax of the trial l The trial was resumed outside under the maples. l Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence.

The climax of the trial l Darrow asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did. Then Darrow enquired, “How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun? ” l Reaction: l Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. l Sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful.

The climax of the trial l Darrow asked Bryan if he believed that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies. Bryan answered in the affirmative. Then Darrow asked Bryan if he had any idea how the snake went before that time.

The climax of the trial l Reaction: l The crowd laughed. And Bryan turnd livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger. l “I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him. ” l The judge adjourned court until next day. l Bryan stood forlornly alone. Spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand.

The verdict the following day l The jurymen retired and whispered for just nine minutes and the verdict was guilty. l I was fined 100 dollars and costs.

After the trial l a “victorious defeat” l Bryan died two days after the trial. l I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. I accepted a scholarship to pursue the study of science.

l victorious defeat l 胜利的败仗；胜利的失败 l Oxymoron l 矛盾修辞法; 矛盾修饰法 l “a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect” (Longman Modern English Dictionary)

Oxymoron l Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, l That I shall say good night till it be morrow. l (Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet) l 晚安！晚安！离别是这样甜蜜的伤心，我真要向你道晚安直 到天明！ l 初恋的秘密是种藏不住的秘密，它怕被人知道，又喜欢被人 知道； 它还是一种甜蜜的痛苦，折磨人的快乐。（冯骥才 《爱之上》）

Significance of the trial l I went back to Dayton in 1962. l What has happened to Dayton? l The little town looked much the same to me. l Some changes: l 1) a William Jennings Bryan University l 2) Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law is still on the books. l 3) a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom

Statue of Bryan on the lawn of the Rhea County, Tennessee courthouse in Dayton, Tennessee

Legal Terms in the Text l trial, case, criminal lawyer, counsel, the counsel for the defence, leading counsel for the prosecution, prosecute, attorney-general, indict, violate the law, legality l judge, gavel, session, adjourn, witness, testify, evidence, question, jurymen/jurors, verdict, conviction, fine, costs l legislature, the U. S. Supreme Court

Irony l After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.

Ridicule l Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies. l Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. l Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted by his son…

Sarcasm l He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination. l “He said man had reasoning power. ” “There is some doubt about that, ” Darrow snorted.

Figure of speech l Simile: 　　. . . swept the arena like a prairie fire 　　. . . a palm fan like a sword. . .

Figure of speech Hyperbole: 　　The trial that rocked the world 　　

Figure of speech Antithesis The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below. 　　

Figure of speech Assonance: 　　when bigots lighted faggots to burn. . . Repetition: 　　The truth always wins. . . the truth. . . 　　

Figure of speech Pun: "Look deep into our ryes. " (slogan of Wigler's Bakery) Darwin is right --- inside. 　　

Para l 10 l By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned with banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby, …arrived to cheer Bryan against the “infidel outsiders. ” Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49 year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county. What can you atmosphere? tell from the

Compare the two parties of the trial l The counsel for John Scopes’ defence: Educational background/ Religious background/Racial background: Clarence Darrow: the famous criminal lawyer, well prepared and quite sure of himself (L. 13); shrewd, 68 -year-old (L. 58); an agnostic l Dudley Field Malone: handsome and magnetic; a Catholic (L. 61) l Arthur Garfield Hays: quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law; a Jew l Others A dozen distinguished professors and scientists led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University ready to testify on John Scopes’ behalf. But the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.

The counsel for the prosecution: Educational background/ Religious background/Racial background: l William Jennings Bryan: the silver-tongued orator, three times Democratic nominee for President of the U. S. , leader of the fundamentalist movement; ageing, paunchy l Tom Stewart: Bryan’s son, a lawyer, Tennessee’s brilliant young attorney-general l Other characters: l John Raulston: the presiding judge, a florid-faced man who announced : “I’m jist a reg’lar mountaineer jedge. ” l Butler: A 49 -year-old farmer, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law, before his election had never been out of his native county. l 12 Jurors: 3 had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn’t read.

Para 13 -15 Darrow’s Speech “My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes know what he is here for, ” Darrow drawled. “I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination. ” Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. “Today it is the teachers, ” he continued, ” and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. ” “That damned infidel, ” a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address. What was Darrow’s point? What was the audience’s response? bigot—person who holds strong beliefs and opinions, and is intolerant of anyone who disagrees. Bigotry (behavior or attitude of a bigot) fagot—bundle of sticks, twigs, or branches (esp. for the use of fuel) ( irony; assonance; oxymoron)

Para 18 -20 Bryan’s Speech l “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below. ” The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence. l “The Bible, ” he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, “is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan.

Para 21 -23 l As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applause and shouts of “Amen”. Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. What is the spectators’ response?

Dudley Field Malone’s speech l “Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the bible, ” he observed. “There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given most of his life to politics. ”Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone’s voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. l “There is never a duel with the truth, ” he roared. “The truth always wins – and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it!” l When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court burst into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists testify for the defence.

Para Outside 26 -28 l l l the court while adjourning When the court adjourned, we found Dayton’s streets swarming with strangers. Hawkers cried their wares on every corner. One shop announced : DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin’s Everything to Wear Store. ) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related. “The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, “afraid it might be true. ” H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels. Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165000 words a day on the trial. 1) What was the tone in these paragraphs? 2) What was the atmosphere like at this time? 3) What was the ape’s response? What is your interpretation? (pun)

Paras 29 -44: the climax and verdict of the trial (para 31) …Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sward to repel his enemies. (para 32) Under Darrow’s quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent “Amens”…. (para 35) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning…. (para 39) The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger. (para 40) “Your honour, ” he said. “I will answer all Mr. Darrow’s questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him…” …… (para 42) The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbub and adjourned court until next day. (para 43) Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand.

Part III(45 -48) The Post-Trial Happenings (para 44) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat. ” A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial. …… (para 46) Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there was a William Jennings Bryan University on a hilltop overlooking the valley. (para 47) There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on the books. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years. What do you think of the irony in the last two paragraphs? (oxymoron; metaphor; simile; metaphor)

A victorious defeat: oxymoron Parting is such sweet sorrow. Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelical Dove-feather’d raven! Wolvish-ravening lamb! Despised substance of divinest show! Just opposite to what thou justly seem’st, A damned saint, an honorable villain. (Romeo and Juliet III. ii. 73 -85) (美丽的暴君！天使般的魔鬼！披着白鸽羽毛的乌 鸦！豺狼一样残忍的羔羊！圣洁的外表包覆着丑 恶的实质！你的内心刚巧和你的形状相反，一个 万恶的圣人，一个庄严的奸徒）

Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text. 1. A dozen professors and scientist from various parts of the country arrived at Dayton and formed a counsel to defend John Scopes. 2. John Scopes taught evolution and he did not believe in God. 3. If anyone had foreseen that the case would snowball, it would have been John Scopes. For he knew that for a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalist and the modernists before he accepted the job as a science master and football coach at the secondary school. 4. George Rappelyea was an engineer. He used to argue with the local people because he thought the teaching of evolution was against the law. 5. The town of Dayton took on a circus atmosphere because the fundamentalists who had arrived to cheer Bryan were excited and joyous. l (F; F; T)

Questions after the detailed study of the text l 1. How much do you know about the author from this article? l 2. What do you think of the struggles between fundamentalists and modernists? l l 3. Why was so much attention paid to this trial in an out-of-the -way small town in the U. S. ? l l 4. Try to elaborate the views of Darrow and Malone and that of Bryan’s. l l 5. What have you learned about the Bible?