Legal English --- American Legal System 授课 学时 ： 32 主讲 教师 ：曾荣鑫
Lesson Two Legal Profession and Education 法律英语 2
¬If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers. Charles Dickens, British novelist ¬倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的 律师。 ¬英国小说家 狄更斯 C 法律英语 3
A homophone word puzzle ¬ There is a kind of suits that nobody likes. What is it? ¬ Lawsuits 法律英语 4
Background 1. Legal profession ¬律师 ¬法官 法律职业 ¬检察官 ¬法学教师 职业变换频繁 法律英语 5
¬ 2. Tell the differences of these degrees in America: J D，LLM and SJD 法律英语 6
美国法学教育：大学后教育 ¬美国法学院设立的学位 体系 1. JD (Juris Doctor) 2. LLM (Master of laws) 3. SJD (Doctor of Juridical Science) 视频
Law School Admission Test ——LSAT 美国法学院入学联考 Ú 为赴美读 J. D. 而设置的一种考试, 它由位于美国宾西法 尼亚州的法学院入学考试委员会(LSAC)主办, 现已获得 全美国及加拿大各大学法学院的认可。 Ú LSAT考试在美国每年举办 4次，分别在 2月、6月、10 月及12月。在中国举办 2次，分别是 6月，12月。 Ú 考试成绩一般在考后5周左右由主办机构寄出。LSAT 成绩在 5年内有效。 Ú http: //www. lsac. org http: //www. examda. com/LSAT/ 法律英语 8
¬ 3. What teaching methods are preferred by most American law professor? ¬Case method or Socratic method. 法律英语 9
Part 1 The Bar ¬Bar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师 及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。 ¬后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。 美国律师协会 法律英语 10
¬The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. ¬对法律职业的规范主要是各州政府的事务。 各州都有自己的律师执业许可条件。 法律英语 11
¬Most require three years of college and a law degree. ¬Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. 三年法学院学习经历 法律学位 书面考试 法律英语 12
¬Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a daylong multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law. 强调、侧重于 多州律师联考 州法论述题 法律英语 13
• The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiplechoice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. • 内容涵盖合同法、侵权法、宪法、刑法、 证据法和不动产法。 法律英语 14
大量的、客观的、实质 的 ¬A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. ¬大多数申请人都可以在第一次考试就顺利 通过，而且第一次考试中的许多失败者也 都会在下一次考试中通过。 法律英语 15
¬many of those who fail (on the first subject adverbial try) pass (MBE) on a later attempt. predicate verb 法律英语 16
¬In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states. ¬每年各州有总计有4万多人通过律师考试。 ¬No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. ¬在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要实习经历。 法律英语 17
¬The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts, ¬到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同。 ¬but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. ¬但一般来说，被授权在州最高法院执业的人 办理一些简单的手续后即可获准在联邦法院 执业。 法律英语 18
¬A lawyer’s practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. ¬律师通常被限制在一个地区执业。尽管律 师可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务，但 他只能在获得许可的州执业。 法律英语 19
¬ It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. ¬人们习惯于雇佣本州的律师办理其它司法管 辖区的事务。 法律英语 20
¬However, one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years. ¬不过, 如果一个人已经在其获得职业资格 的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年） ，那 么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不 用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准 执业。 法律英语 21
¬A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. 从事律师业务 参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动 法律英语 22
¬It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. 在公司的董事会任职 从事商业活动 积极参与公共事务 法律英语 23
¬A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, any may return to private practice from these other activities. ¬律师即使在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营 企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律 师的身份。他们可以放弃这些其他活动， 回来再做律师。 法律英语 24
¬ A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. ¬很少有律师为了从事 商业活动而放弃律 师业务。 法律英语 25
¬The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States. 律师 教授 院长 总检 察长 法律英语 首席大 法官 26
Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872 in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理学家 Harlan Fiske Stone 1872 - 1946 法律英语 27
¬These is no formal division among lawyers according to function. 美国没有对律师职业按其职责 进行划分。 英国： Barristers：出庭律师、大律 师、诉讼律师 Solicitors：诉状律师、小律 师、非诉律师 法律英语 28
律师 美国 Lawyer Attorney–at-law Counseler–at-law 英国 Barrister 诉讼律师 大律师，出庭律师 Solicitor 非诉律师 诉状律师，事务律师 法律英语 29
¬there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. 美国： 出庭代理诉讼 准备法律文书 attorney 法律英语 30
¬ The American lawyer’s domain includes advocacy, counseling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. ¬代理诉讼，出庭辩护； ¬咨询服务； ¬起草文书； ¬律师执业范围内的专属权 法律英语 31
¬ In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. 在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人 都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之 外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。 法律英语 32
¬Nonlawyers are， however, authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. ¬不过，非律师不得代表他人参与一些行 政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序 当中。 法律英语 33
¬The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. ¬（和界限明确的出庭辩护领域相比）在咨 询服务与起草法律文件领域，界限就不那 么明确，比如，在联邦所得税领域的律师 执业与会计执业划分就是如此。 法律英语 34
¬ However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York’s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. 法律英语 35
¬A foreign lawyer may be admitted to the bar of one of states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law. ¬ 外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接纳为会员， 甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，作为外国法律顾 问向美国律师提供法律咨询。 法律英语 36
Part 2 Lawyers in private practice 单独执业的律师 ¬Among these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners. 每十五个执业律师中有九个（明显的多数） 都是单独执业者。 法律英语 37
¬The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. ¬Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. ¬ 剩下的6个在律师事务所执业，这些事务所一般采用合 伙制。 ¬ 6个人中有4、5个是合伙人；其他 1、2个是非合伙律师 （授薪律师），他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领 取 资。
¬This trend toward group practice is relatively recent origin. ¬这种集体执业的趋势只是在近年来才 开始出现。 合伙开业 法律英语 39
¬Throughout most of nineteenth century, law practice was general rather than specialized, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting, and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. ¬律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的 ¬主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和 起草文书 ¬美国律师的原型是单独开业者。 法律英语 40
¬ Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. ¬明显的律师专业化开始于19世纪后期金融 中心附近的大城市。 法律英语 41
¬With the growth of big business, big government, and big labor, the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. ¬随着大企业、大政府和大规模劳 的发展, 律师的 作本身要适应客户为预防和解决 法律争端所需要的专业咨询和起草法律文 书的需求。 法律英语 42
¬The best lawyers were attracted to this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. ¬最优秀的律师被吸引来做这些事，而且， 律师界的领导人物多是那些极少出庭—— 即使确曾出庭的话——的人，和那些作为 顾问、计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。 法律英语 43
¬ Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients' business problems and to participate at all steps in shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel. ¬现在，律师们都认为不断熟悉客户的业 务问题，并参与商业决策形成的每个步 骤是正常的、合理的执业形式。在没有 法律顾问的咨询意见的情况下进行的较 大的商业交易是很少见的。 法律英语 44
Part 3 House Counsel 公司法律顾问 ¬Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concern’s legal department. ¬ 20个律师中有2个受雇于私人企业，如 业公司、保险公司、银行。他们通常在企 业的法律部门 作，作为公司法律顾问。 法律英语 45
the growth of corporations the complexity of business the multitude of problem posed by government regulation firms to have in their employ persons with legal training 非常了解企业的 特殊问题和条件 法律英语 46
¬The general counsel 总法律顾问 --- An officer of the company --- Serve on important policy making committees --- Serve on the board of directors. 公司高级职员 重要决策委员会 董事会 法律英语 47
House counsel ¬remain members of the bar 保留律师协会会员身份 ¬entitled to appear in court 有资格出庭进行诉讼 法律英语 48
House counsel ¬However, it is the house counsel's skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset. ¬公司法律顾问的专长是咨询顾问而 不是辩护律师，这是他的宝贵资产。 法律英语 49
¬Constantly in touch with the employer's problem, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation. ¬由于经常接触雇主的各类问题，公司 法律顾问的理想定位是预防性法律事 务，它还可以根据要求向公司就其对 公众和国家承担的更广泛的义务提供 咨询。 法律英语 50
Part 4 Lawyers in Government ¬A parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, state, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of judiciary. ¬律师职业在政府中也出现了同样的发 展，现在，20个律师中有2个受雇于联 邦、市、县和市镇政府，这中间还不 包括法官。 法律英语 51
¬Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates 加入公共服务的多是刚毕业的法学大学生。 ¬who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers – 政府薪水有足够的吸引力 ¬seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. – 锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏 法律英语 52
¬ Limitation on top salaries discourage some from continuing with the government. ¬对最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政 府 作。 法律英语 53
¬The majority serves by appointment in legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. ¬大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府 和地方机构的法律部门任职。 法律英语 54
¬The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousand, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundred. ¬美国司法部 — 2000多人 ¬纽约司法局 — 400多人 法律英语 55
¬Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. ¬其他政府律师受雇为检察官。联邦检察官 （美国政府律师）和助理检查官由总统任 命，隶属于于美国总检察长（司法部长）。 法律英语 56
Attorney General ¬The Attorney General, as head of the Department of Justice and chief law enforcement officer of the Federal Government, represents the United States in legal matters generally and gives advice and opinions to the President and to the heads of the executive departments of the Government when so requested. The Attorney General appears in person to represent the Government before the U. S. Supreme Court in cases of exceptional gravity or importance. 法律英语 57
Attorney General ¬ Chief of the Department of Justice ¬ nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate ¬ member of the Cabinet ¬ Current Attorney General: Eric Himpton Holder. 埃里克·辛普顿·霍尔德 视频：藐视国会 http: //news. ifeng. com/world/detail_2012_06/21/15465919_0. shtml 法律英语 58
¬States prosecutors, sometimes known as district attorneys, are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. 州检查官，又叫地区检查官，一 般由其所在县的公民选举产生，不 受州检察长的控制。 法律英语 59
¬As a rule, lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work, since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. ¬作为一种规则，政府律师都是直接从事法 律 作，因为一般政府服务很少要求事先 进行法律培训。 法律英语 60
A small but important minority ——an exception ¬those who have been appointed to high executive positions ¬those who have been elected to political office. 例外： 被任命担任高级行政职务， 被选举担任政治性官职的人。 法律英语 61
¬Though the participation of lawyer in government has declined recently, for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state government. ¬尽管近年来律师对政府 作的参与在减少, 但两个世纪以来，美国国会和各州政府中 有大约一半的人都是律师。 法律英语 62
Chief Justice Stone ¬“ No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs. ” Harlan Fiske Stone 1872 - 1946 ¬在我们的职业传统中，没 有一个像其担任公共事务 领导的传统那样受到律师 们的钟爱。 法律英语 63
Legal Terminology ¬ Legal Profession ¬ Multistate Bar Exam ¬ federal courts ¬ boards of directors 州法院 股东会 Board of shareholders （Shareholders meeting） 监事会 Board of supervisors (supervisory board) 法律英语 64
¬Judge ¬Attorney general ¬Chief justice ¬Barristers ¬Solicitors ¬Attorney ¬practice of law ¬Lawyers in private practice 法律英语 65
¬ Single practitioner ¬ House counsel ¬ Corporate counsel ¬ The United States Department of Justice ¬ public prosecutors ¬ Federal prosecutors ¬ district attorneys ¬ Congress of the United States 法律英语 66
Exercises ¬ 1. Questions about the text ¬ 2. Dictation ¬ 3. Discussion 法律英语 67
Homework ¬ Translation However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York’s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted.
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