Legal Aspects of Farming and Climate Change Witzenhausen

Legal Aspects of Farming and Climate Change Witzenhausen, 17. 10. 2009 Prof. Dr. Christian Schrader 0

Vice-President Hochschule Fulda www. fh-fulda. de/index. php? id=2241 Christian. Schrader@sk. hs-fulda. de 1 Sc hr 10 ade /9 r

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Relations Farming – Climate Change Soils are CO 2 sinks sources of carbon. 2

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Relations Farming – Climate Change Every land use affects the soil carbon level. CO 2 CH 4 Farming contributes to climate change. 3

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Relations Farming – Climate Change Farming suffers / profits from climate change. Neccessary: CO 2 CH 4 • Mitigation - Reduction of green house gas emissions • Adaption to climate change 4

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Legal Aspects Legal Starting Points Agricultural Law Soil Protection Law Climate Protection Law 5

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Agricultural Law EU: Common Agricultural Policy Article 33 Treaty of Nice 1. The objectives of the common agricultural policy shall be: (a) to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress …; (b) thus to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community …; (c) to stabilise markets; (d) to assure the availability of supplies; (e) to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices. 6

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Agricultural Law EU: Common Agricultural Policy Regulation 1251/1999 establishing a support system for producers of certain arable crops: Art. 6: Set-aside obligation Regulation 1782/2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes: Art. 55, 88: no set-aside in favor of producing energy crops Art. 4: Cross compliance (statutory managment requieries concerning environment) Art. 5 para 2: Member States shall ensure that land which was 2003 under permanent pasture is maintained under permanent pasture. However, in duly justified circumstances … 7

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Soil Protection Law Nearly inexistent 8

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law International European Union National 9

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law International 1992: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed by 192 states 1997: Kyoto-Protocol signed by 184 states 2009: Kopenhagen-Protocol ? ? ? 10

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law International Kyoto-Protocol: Incorporation of Agriculture LULUCF: Land Use Change Forestration selecting, measuring and evaluating 11

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law International Kyoto-Protocol: Agriculture Greenhouse gases: Sectors/source categories • Energy • Industrial processes • Solvent and other product use • Agriculture Enteric fermentation Manure management Rice cultivation Agricultural soils Prescribed burning of savannas Field burning of agricultural residues Other • Waste 12

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law International Kyoto-Protocol: Responsibilities Only Annex I-States (37 industrialized countries and the EU) are commited to reduce their emissions. These duties can be fulfilled by market-based measures: Ø Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Ø Joint Implementation (JI) Ø Emissions Trading. 13

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law International Kyoto-Protocol: CDM-Projects 14

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law EU European Union The EU introduced own targets: Ø 20 % less greenhouse gases Ø 20 % renewable energy Ø 20 % energy efficiency until 2020. 15

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law EU Measures Wide range of measures. . . The most ambitioned: Emission Trading Scheme, (Directive 2003/897/EC). 16

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law EU Emission Trading System The Kyoto-target of the EU has been parted into differing targets for the Member States (burden sharing). Each Member State gets a specific amount of emission allowances. Certain industries get emission targets for each factory. The allowances can be traded. Agriculture is not included as an emitting industry, but can benefit from CDM- and JI-measures. 17

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law EU Non Emission-Trading-Sectors EU set targets for emission sectors that are not included into emission trading scheme (Decision 406/2009/EC) Agriculture is one sector among certain energy and industrial processes, solvent and other product use and waste. 18

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law EU Non Emission-Trading-Sectors MEMBER STATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION LIMITS Member State greenhouse gas emission limits in 2020 compared to 2005 greenhouse gas emissions levels Belgium – 15 % Bulgaria 20 % Czech Republic 9 % Denmark – 20 % Germany – 14 % Estonia 11 % Ireland – 20 % Greece – 4 % Spain – 10 % France – 14 % Italy – 13 % Cyprus – 5 % Latvia 17 % Lithuania 15 % 19 Luxembourg – 20 % Hungary 10 % Member States are free how to remain within their limits.

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Climate Protection Law National 27 EU Member State policies 193 independant States policies 20

Sc h 10 rade /10 r Farming Climate Change Tank you for your attention 21