LECTURES 5 -6 WORD FORMATION WORD STRUCTURE OUTLINE

LECTURES 5 -6 WORD FORMATION. WORD STRUCTURE OUTLINE: 1. MORPHEME AS THE PART OF WORD 2. TYPES OF MORPHEMES 3. MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF WORD 4. MAIN TYPES OF WORDFORMATION

1. MORPHEME AS THE PART OF WORD FORMATION is that branch of lexicology that studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language builds new words. It is one of the main ways of enriching the vocabulary. MORPHEMES are the smallest indivisible two-facet language units. They are not independent as words or sentences are. They are always used as parts of words.

2. TYPES OF MORPHEMES SEMANTIC TYPES OF MORPHEMES ROOT PREFIXES AFFIXATI ONAL SUFFIXES INFLECTIONS*

STRUCTURAL TYPES OF MORPHEMES FREE BOUND

E. g. WORKER WORKroot, free -ER non-root, affixational (suffix), bound

3. MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF WORD There are four structural types of words in English: 1. SIMPLE (ROOT) WORDS - one root morpheme and an inflexion (boy, warm, tables, tenth); 2. DERIVED WORDS (DERIVATIVES) - one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion (unmanageable, lawful); 3. COMPOUND WORDS - two or more root morphemes and an inflexion (boyfriend, outlaw); 4. COMPOUND-DERIVED WORDS - two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion (left-handed, warm-hearted, blue-eyed).

4. MAIN TYPES OF WORD-FORMATION WORD FORMATION DERIVATION COMPOSITION

DERIVATION AFFIXATION (adding affixes to stems) is a basic means of forming new words in English. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation. CONVERSION is the process of coining new words in a different part of speech but without adding any derivative element so that the basic forms of the original and derived words coincide.

SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES: -AGE -MENT -TION -ER -DOM -SHIP -ISM -LET -ESE -IAN -ISH -FUL -LESS -Y -EN -FY UNINSYMNONADISEXFORE- REDEEXTRAVICEULTRABE-

PATTERNS: 1. N → V eye- to eye, fish- to fish, bottle- to bottle, dust- to dust 2. V →N to move- a move, to walk- a walk, to cuta cut 3. Adj → N bitter – a bitter, final – a final, poor – the poor 4. Adj → V better – to better, open – to open

COMPOUNDS CAN BE: a) neutral – formed by joining together two stems without connecting elements, e. g. crybaby, goldfish, flowerbed, grandfather, armchair; b) morphological – components are joined together by a linking element, e. g. craftsman, handicraft; c) syntactical – the components are joined by means of form-word stems, e. g. man-of -war, forget-me-not, bread-and-butter.

5. MINOR TYPES OF WORD-FORMATION: I. SHORTENING – the dropping of the initial or final part of a word to form a shorter word: § ACRONOMY/ABBREVIATION – the process of forming a word out of the initial letters of a word combination § BLENDING – parts of several words arranged to form a new word § CLIPPING – a shortened word (initial, final, medial) § BACK-FORMATION – by means of removing suffixes

II. SOUND IMITATION III. SOUND INTERCHANGE IV. DISTINCTIVE STRESS V. REDUPLICATION

PRACTICE № 3: 1. Give one example to each type of main and minor types of word formation. 2. Define the type of word formation in the following words: GOOD-FOR-NOTHING, XMAS, EUROVISION, HITCH-HIKE, SLANGUAGE, DILLY-DALLY. 3. Define the types of morphemes in the following words: STEAMERS, BREAKTHROUGH, AMBITIOUS, UNEMPLOYMENT,