Lecture #7: Control questions The Kazakh revolt of

Lecture #7:Control questions The Kazakh revolt of Small Horde under the leadership of Sirim batyr (1783-1797). Kazakhstan within the Russian empire (administrative reforms of 1822, 1824, 1867-68 years and their colonial character). The uprising of the Kazakhs of Small Horde under the leadership of Isatai Taiman uli and Makhambet Otemys uli (1836-1838). The national movement of a Kazakh people for independence under the leadership of Kenesary Khasym uli (1837-1847 years).

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). The agreement was mutually advantageous. To Abu'l Khayr it offered the possibility of improving his political position as well as of increasing economic stability, for the Kazakhs and their neighbors saw that Russia was the superior military force in the region. Stability was crucial, for the economy of the Small Horde was in ruin. Abu'l Khayr, his followers, and their herds—some 100,000 households or 400,000 people—had been driven from Turkestan, moving from the Syr Darya river region to pasturelands in the Ural and Tobol river regions. During this time many thousands of cattle were killed. Abu'l Khayr also had a powerful rival for control of the Small Horde in the person of Sultan Qayip (Kaip); Anna Ioannovna was both aware of this rivalry and prepared to exploit it, for she knew that Abu'l Khayr (and his heirs) needed the stability provided by an alliance with Russia to remain in power. For Russia's part, the treaties with Abu'l Khayr and those with the khans of the Middle Horde (Semeke in 1732, Ablai in 1740) gave added security to the fortified line along the Irtysh River.

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). The 1822 reforms recognized the special position of the Kazakh aristocracy while greatly undercutting its power. The Kazakh sultans could continue to use their titles, but they were not recognized as part of the nobility of the empire unless through service they were appointed to it. They could not own serfs but could own land; on 1/5 to 1/7 of the Kazakh pastureland was reserved for the sultanic families.

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). In 1824 a major modification of the khans' rule (along the lines outlined by Igelstrom in 1787) was introduced in the Small Horde. In the Middle Horde, khanate rule was abolished entirely; the region became known as the territory of the Siberian Kirgiz and was included as part of western Siberia in the Speransky reforms of 1822. In an attempt to stabilize the civil order, several administrative adaptations were introduced. In 1831 each territorial subsection of the Small Horde was divided into distantsii, or range districts—8 in the western, 20 in the central, and 28 in the eastern regions.

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). Subdivisions of the steppe continued until, by the mid-nineteenth century, there were 54 such divisions, the commanders of which were chosen by the local population and approved by Orenburg. On June 14, 1844, the Statute of the Administration of the Orenburg Kirghiz dissolved the Orenburg Frontier Commission and created the Orenburg governor generalship instead.This was one more attempt to save the native-dominated administrative structure. The new structure still left a great deal of administrative discretion in the hands of the governor general, but it did introduce a greater sense of accountability as well.

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). The Steppe Commission was formed in 1865 and its report became the basis of the Statute on the Administration of Turkestan (including the Provisional Statute on the Administra­tion of the Semirech'e and Syr Darya Oblasts) (1867), and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts (1868; called the Steppe Statute). The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by a military governor. The two Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan—Syr Darya and Semirech'e—were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no Governor-General of the steppe;

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). Uralsk and Turgai were under the Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administered by the Governor-general of western Siberia. The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezds headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezds were divided into volosts and the volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volosts and auls were formed on a territorial principle. Each volost consisted of between 1000 and 2000 households, each administrative aul of between 100 and 200 families. Each volost and uezd was to have a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). In1872 and in 1892 The Kazakhs were also subject to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes that they might choose to levy on themselves. In fact, it could be argued that the only Kazakhs who voluntarily submitted to the Russians were the khans themselves : in the early years the khans needed the Russians to stave off the greater threat of the Jungars and, in the final decades, to lend legitimacy to their deteriorating authority.

Kazakhstan in the first third of XVIII- the second half of XIX centuries). Some popular leaders, particularly Sirim batyr, opposed the institution of the khan, which they saw as corrupt and incapable of exerting independent authority. Later, Kenisary khan sought to strengthen the khan's rule as an entity independent of any ties with Russia. Kenisary believed the steppe was Kazakh, to be ruled by the Kazakhs in their own traditional ways. But neither the efforts of Kazakh elite nor the attempts of the Russian government to establish the administration system able to rule the Kazakh territory through traditional ways succeed, which finally made the Russian government to impose the power through their own.

Kazakh intellectuals By the beginning of the 20th century there were a large number of Kazakh intellectuals who had been educated in Muslim schools in the steppe They turned to Kazan or Istanbul for their intellectual direction and were much influenced by Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic teachings.

Kazakh Enlightment At the same time there were several Russian and Russian-Kazakh schools on Kazakhstan's territory, in which 19,370 Kazakh children were studying The first Kazakh-Russian district school was opened in Turgai in 1867. Many of these graduates of the state schools (the Russian-Kazakh aul and volost ones) then went on to gymnasiums in Orenburg, Omsk, or Semipalatinsk. Still, the number of Kazakhs who were educated in the secular schools was quite small. These individuals formed a new secular elite.

Kazakh intellectuals Both groups of Kazakh elite believed that the improvement of the Kazakh economy was a necessary first step for any subsequent policy changes in the steppe. Main idea of “enlighters” was expressed by Ch. Valikhanov, who wrote that the Kazakhs stood between two strong cultural traditions: the Russian and Islam one.

Kazakh intellectuals Through the Russian education the “enlighters” (I.Altynsarin, Abay) thought that Kazakh would get the need technical skills and settle down to a combined form of agriculture and livestock breeding. Islam, through the “enlighters” vision, reinforced conservative cultural tendencies and prevented the Kazakhs from enjoying the full advantages of citizenship in a European empire. The “enlighters” criticized the education in “medrese”, where training was limited to memorizing Koran ayats only.