Lecture 6 UKRAINIAN CULTURAL REVIVAL OF THE LATE

Lecture 6 UKRAINIAN CULTURAL REVIVAL OF THE LATE 18 th – EARLY 20 th CENTURIES Lecturer: Galyna Miasoid

Ukrainian National revival is both a political and cultural process, and its final aim is national independence, formation of an independent national state, development of national spiritual culture. n Lasted for over 130 years, since the abolishment of the Zaporizhian Sich till the beginning of World War I.

Distinctive feature of cultural life of the 19 th century n Vernacular period of Ukrainian literature and culture evolution: literary Ukrainian language introduction and its further establishment in printed works. n The main themes: democracy, social change, and traditional values.

Three basic periods of cultural revival in Ukraine n The 1 st period lasted for 60 years (from 1780 till 1840). It was the period of accumulation of national heritage, the so-called ‘academic period’. n The 2 nd period lasted for 55 years (from 1840 till 1895). It was the period of Ukrainophiles and of ‘Ukrainian populism (narodnytstvo)’, when accumulated knowledge was taken to people through the libraries, schools and so on. n The 3 rd period is the shortest of them and lasted for only 22 years, from 1895 to 1917. It was the so called political period, or early modern times. Political parties and organizations formed during this period.

Period of national heritage accumulation (1780 -1840). n "History of Small Russia" (ch. 1 -4) by D. Bantysh -Kamensky. n Documents on Cossack history, "Chronicle by H. Hrabjanka» published by F. Tumansky. "Land description of Small Russia" n J. Markovych - an encyclopaedia of Ukrainian Studies n "History of Small Russia" by M. Markevych n Research papers on the history of Halych by J. Holovatsky n "History of Russians" by an unknown author

Ethnography and language n M. Maksymovych did a thorough research on ethnography. n Grammar by O. Pavlovsky and Dictionary of the Ukrainian language by I. Voytsehovych were published.

Ivan Kotlyarevsky’s “Eneyida” n A witty Ukrainian-language parody of Virgil’s “Aeneid” where the original Trojan heroes were turned into Ukrainian Cossaks, introduced a new age of Ukrainian literature. n Kharkiv Romantic School : P. Hulak. Artemovsky, Je. Hrebinka, H. Kvitka. Osnovyanenko, A. Metlynsky, M. Kostomarov.

Ruthenian Triad (“Ruska Triytsia”, “Russian trinity”) n Comprised by Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky, and Ivan Vahylevych. n Maintained that the "Ruthenians" of Galicia, Bukovyna, and Transcarpathia were all part of one Ukrainian people who had their own language, culture, and history. n Rusalka Dnistrova (The Dniester Nymph, 1937) by Markiian Shashkevych immortalized the spoken Ukrainian language as an opposite to the outdated language used for publications at the time.

Universities foundation n Kharkiv (1805), Kyiv (1834). n Lviv University, founded in 1661, continued its functioning - western Ukraine n Schools for Noble Maidens (previleiged boarding schools for daughters of the aristocracy): in Kharkiv (1812), Poltava (1817), Odesa (1829), Kerch (1836), Kyiv (1838).

The second period of national revival n Characterized by formation of a conception about n n Ukraine as an ethnic nationality. UKRAINIAN POPULISM Populists were involved primarily in cultural and educational work. The Cyrillo-Methodians were the first to formulate a populist political platform based on social and national emancipation, albeit couched in religious and romantic terms. Volodymyr Antonovych, leader of the khlopomany, issued a typically populist manifesto.

Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius n (1) abolition of serfdom and equality of rights for all estates, n (2) equal opportunity for all Slavic nations to develop their national language and culture, n (3) education for the broad masses of the people, and n (4) unification of all Slavs in the spirit of the Slavophilism of the time in a federated state in which Ukraine would play a leading role.

Taras Shevchenko n Published in 1840, Taras Shevchenko’s poetry book “Kobzar” became not only the example of exceptional poetic genius of the Ukrainian origin, but also a manifestation of the Ukrainian spirit and the will for freedom. n T. Shevchenko and P. Kulish were the most prominent representatives of the Ukrainian Romantic movement - movement which, to a large extent, crystallized modern Ukrainian national identity. The extroverted and passionate poet and artist Shevchenko became Ukraine’s famous national bard. n L. Hlibov, S. Rudansky, P. Kulish, M. Vovchok, P. Myrny, M. Kotsyubynsky, M. Drahomanov.

Theatre (early 19 th century) n Ivan Kotlyarevsky founded new Ukrainian dramaturgy. After his famous epic poem Eneida (1798), I. Kotliarevsky went on to write two classicist plays of a sentimental type which are considered the earliest examples of modern Ukrainian drama. n Kotliarevsky's operetta Natalka Poltavka (Natalka from Poltava) and vaudeville Moskal'-charivnyk (The Muscovite-Sorcerer) were landmarks in the development of Ukrainian theatre. n The best Ukrainian plays of the first half of 19 th c. : “Match-making in Honcharivka" by H. Kvitka. Osnovjanenko, "Nazar Stodolya" by T. Shevchenko.

Modernistic period in Ukrainian culture n A combination of cultural enlightenment and n n political ideas is observed in this period, Ukrainian national idea gaining the lead. M. Hrushevsky and I. Franko – writers, scholars, political and civic leaders, publicists. The Society of movable exhibitions artists: K. Krutovsky, K. Konstandi, O. Lytovchenko, and M. Yaroshenko. Ukrainian national landscape school was founded by V. Orlovsky, I. Pohytonov, K. Kryzhytsky, and S. Vasylkivs’kyi. Portrait-painting: O. Murashko.

Ukrainian dramaturgy and theatre at the end of the 19 th c. n Ukrainian domestic theatre of M. Kropyvnytsky, M. Sadovsky, M. Starytsky emerged. n The creators of new modernistic theatre: M. Starytsky and L. Kurbas. n M. Starytsky made a considerable contribution to Ukrainian theater and dramaturgy: 1883 - headed the first Ukrainian professional theater; 1885 - founded a new troupe with young actors. Wrote several original dramatic works as well as librettos for many of Mykola Lysenko's operas.

Ukrainian science and scientists in the 19 th century n Mathematics: theory of stability and equilibrium of n n n mechanical systems movement (O. M. Lyapunov). Chemistry: M. M. Beketov - a co-founder of physical chemistry, a new field of science. Physics: the School of molecular physics - the foundation (M. Avenarіus). Comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and microbiology - the foundation (zoologist I. I. Mechnіkov). The Russian Empire first and the world second bacteriological station of vaccination (vaccine inoculation) against rhabdovirus (hydrophobia), Odesa, 1886. (Cofounders: zoologist I. I. Mechnіkov and microbiologist M. Gamalіya). Physiology: the Russian school of physiology - the foundation (I. Sechenov).

Prepare to participate in a round-table discussion the topics below: n Ivan Kotliarevsky and the origins of modern Ukrainian n n literature Kharkiv Romantic School Taras Shevchenko, Panteleimon Kulish, and the Ukrainian romanticism The "Ruthenian Triad" and Western Ukrainian national revival Populist writers in Russian-ruled Ukraine (late 19 th and early 20 th century) Suggested sources: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ukrainian_literature http: //www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/literature. asp

Make a presentation on any of the topics below: n Ukrainian painting in the 19 th century. n Ukrainian painting in the early 20 th century. n Ukrainian artist of the revival period. Suggested sources: n http: //www. mfa. gov. ua/mfa/en/publication/con tent/302. htm n http: //namu. kiev. ua/en/about/collections/painti ng 1/1. html

Prepare a written report on either of the topics: n Communities (“hromady”) role in the 2 nd half of the 19 th century. n Ukrainian literature formation (Revival period). n Development of architecture (19 th-early 20 th centuries) // http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ukrainian_architect ure n Music and dancing in Ukraine in the 19 th century. // http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine

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