Lecture 6 THE WORD STOCK OF THE ENGLISH

Lecture 6 THE WORD STOCK OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

1. Aim to trace the development of the word stock of the English language from oldest times to present.

2. English language word stock enrichment Internal means: • semantic change (tape – red tape); • word derivation (love - lover); • word composition (housekeeper); • vowel interchange (sing - song). External means: • borrowing (government)

3. 1. Old English word stock Latin borrowings (mainly): a) connected with trade: cīese(cheese), win (wine), æppel (apple) b) from the Romanized Celts: stræt (street), weall (wall), myln (mill) c) due to the introduction of Christianity: biscop (bishop), deofol (devil), munic (monk)

3. 2. Old English word stock New words - as a result of two processes: word derivation: fisc+ere = fiscere (fish —fisher) wulle+en = wyllen (wool — woolen) clæne+s+ian = clænsian (clean — to cleanse) b) word composition: sunne + dæ = SunnandæƷ (sun + day = Sunday) mōna + dæ = MōnandæƷ (moon + day = Monday). a)

4. 1. Middle English word stock fundamental changes → almost new Borrowings: 1. Scandinavian (in the end of the Old English period) — over 500 words; 2. French (of the Norman conquerors) — over 3500 words.

4. 2. Middle English word stock Scandinavian borrowings – colloquial; French borrowings – in official spheres: 1. linguistic; 2. social; 3. cultural.

5. 1. New English word stock • 15 th— 16 th century — the epoch of the Renaissance => borrowings from Greek, Italian, Latin • 17 th century — the period of Restoration => borrowings from French • 17 th century the English appear in America => borrowings from the Indians' languages • 18 th century the English appear in India => borrowings from India • 19 th century the English colonisers appear in Australia and New Zealand => new borrowings (kangaroo) • the end of the 19 th—beginning of the 20 th century the English appear in Africa => borrowings from Afrikaans and Dutch • 20 th – 21 st centuries – inventions, new technologies

Thank you for attention!

Choose a sonnet by W. Shakespeare and write out from the text examples of native English words, French (or Latin) and Scandinavian borrowings and trace them back to the Middle English or Old English periods. Translate your text into Modern English Self-study work: The role of borrowings in the enrichment of the English word stock (table or scheme) Submission date – October 15 th