Lecture 5 { Parts of speech
Plan 1. The notion of a part of speech. 2. Principles of part of speech discrimination. 3. Traditional classification of words. 4. Morphological classification of words. 5. Syntactico-distributional classification of words.
Main notions Parts of speech, principles of discrimination, meaning, form, function, morphological characteristics, combinability, notional words, formal words, noun, adjective, verb, adverb, pronoun, numeral, article, preposition, conjunction, particle, modal words, interjection, syntactico-distributional criterion.
Parts of speech are classes of words that differ from each other in some grammatical points
Parts of speech are grammatical classes of words that are distinguished on the basis of 3 criteria: - meaning; -form; -function;
Principles of discrimination meaning form function General characteristics Noun as a part of speech Common meaning of a word of a given class “thingness” morphological characteristics of a word of a given class -s as plural marker: desks, walls syntactical properties of a given words: a) combinability with words of other classes b) function in the sentence a) verb+noun (to write letters); adjective+noun (a beautiful lady); b) Mary (subject) likes sweets (object); Principles of parts of speech discrimination
Traditional classification of words is based on 3 criteria meaning, form, function notional words formal words
Classes of words Notional words Formal words Parts of speech Noun Adjective Numeral Verb Pronoun Adverb Article Preposition Conjunction Particle Modal words Intensifiers Main features 1) An opened class of words (new words can appear); 2) Words of complete nominative value; 3) Fulfill self-dependent functions of naming and denoting things; 1) A closed class of words ( new words can’t appear within the class; 2)Limited in number; 3)Words of incomplete nominative value’ 4) Obligatory combinability and the function of linking; Traditional classification of parts of speech
Morphological classification of words was introduced by Henry Sweet takes into account only morphological characteristics based on FORM criterion only
Classes of words declinable indeclinable Parts of speech Noun-words Verb-words Adjective-words Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjections Morphological classification of words
Syntactic classification of words worked out by Charles Fries based on syntactico-distributional criterion based on FUNCTION
{ 4 main classes of { 15 functional classes of words Noun Adjective Verb Adverb Charles Fries distinguished
What is the most reliable criterion to discriminate parts of speech? MEANING? FORM? FUNCTION? Problems of parts of speech discrimination
If we take into account only MEANING to discriminate parts of speech Nouns denote objects BUT: “table” denotes an object “flight” does not denote an object Problems of part of speech discrimination
If we take into account only FORM to discriminate parts of speech: “WATER” is it a VERB or a NOUN? The water is hot ( a noun) I will water the flowers tomorrow ( a verb) FUNCTION is the most reliable criterion Problems of parts of speech discrimination
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