LECTURE 3 PARTS OF SPEECH Васильева Е В

LECTURE 3 PARTS OF SPEECH Васильева Е. В. , БГУ, г. Улан-Удэ

PLAN 1. The notion of parts of speech and the criteria for their discrimination. 2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. 3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics. 4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. 5. Parts of speech migration.

1. The notion of parts of speech Study the following words and try to classify them. Argue the basis of your classification. Book, swim, beautiful, girl, one, classify, third, nicely, in, tables, write, came, under. Parts of speech are grammatically relevant classes of words (or lexemes) obtaining more or less common features.

1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination CRITERIA for Parts of Speech discrimination SEMANTIC (meaning) FORMAL (form) FINCTIONAL (function)

1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination SEMANTIC The categorial (lexico-grammatical) meaning of the part of speech. It means the generalized meaning characteristic to all the words in a given part of speech. Example: Noun - substance, thingness. Verb - action, process, etc.

1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination FORMAL A) Specific forms of derivation. Some typical stembuilding and lexico- grammatical affixes. Examples: Noun affixes: -tion, -ship, -dom, -ism, etc. B) Morphological grammar categories. Thus, the paradigm of a word shows to what part of speech it belongs. Examples: Noun - case, number. Verb - tense, aspect, voice, person, etc.

ATTENTION! Compare the following paradigms: Students Student’s Students’ Houses ----- Information ------- Conclusion: NOT ALL the lexemes of apart pf speech have the same paradigm

1. Criteria for parts of speech discrimination FUNCTIONAL A) Typical combinability. Left-hand righthand connections. (Combinability is the power of a class of words to form combinations of definite patterns with words of certain classes irrespective of their lexical or grammatical meanings ) Art+Noun (a/the book); Prep +Noun (to/from/at school); B) Syntactical functions in the sentence. Examples: Noun – Subject, Predicative, Object… Verb - Predicate

1. The notion of parts of speech PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH NOTIOANAL FUNCTIONAL Noun, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Pronoun, Numeral Article, Preposition, Conjunction, Particle, Modal word, Interjection

1. The notion of parts of speech FEATURES of the functional parts of speech They have very general and comparatively weak lexical meanings. They obtain obligatory unilateral (articles, particles) or bilateral combinability (prepositions, conjunctions). They have the functions of linking (prepositions, conjunctions) or specifying (articles, particles) words.

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. features of the noun : 1) the categorial meaning of substance ("thingness"); 2) the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffixal forms of derivation (prefixes in English do not discriminate parts of speech as such); 3) the substantive functions in the sentence (subject, object, substantival predicative); prepositional connections; modification by an adjective. The

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. features of the adjective: 1) the categorial meaning of property (qualitative and relative); 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison (for qualitative adjectives); the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) adjectival functions in the sentence (attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative). The

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. features of the numeral: 1) the categorial meaning of number (cardinal and ordinal); 2) the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffixal forms of derivation for ordinal numerals; 3) the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive. The

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. features of the pronoun: 1) the categorial meaning of indication (deixis); 2) the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building; 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets. The

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. The features of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process (presented in the two upper series of forms, respectively, as finite process and non-finite process); 2) the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood; the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms; 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; the mixed verbal — other than verbal functions for the nonfinite verb.

2. The main notional parts of speech and their characteristics. features of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, i. e. the property of process or another property; 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffixal forms of derivation; 3) the functions of various adverbial modifiers. The

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions. The preposition expresses the dependencies and interdependences of substantive referents. The conjunction expresses connections of phenomena. The interjection, occupying a detached position in the sentence, is a signal of emotions.

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. To this series, alongside of other specifying words, should be referred verbal postpositions as functional modifiers of verbs, etc.

3. The main functional parts of speech and their characteristics The modal word, occupying in the sentence a detached position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here belong the functional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc. ), of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc. ), and also of affirmation and negation.

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. Each part of speech is further subdivided into subclasses on the basis of semanticofunctional or formal features.

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. NOUN subclasses: Proper – common Example: Mary – person Animate – inanimate Example: Lion – field Concrete – abstract Example: coin - honesty Countable – uncountable Example: notebook - news

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. VERB subclasses: Finite – non-finite (fully predicative – partially predicative) Example: goes – to go, going, gone Transitive – intransitive Example: put, take – live, ache Actional – statal Example: play, ride – exist, suffer Regular– irregular Example: work – go, put

4. Subcategorization of the parts of speech. ADJECTIVE subclasses: Qualitative – relative Example: long, comfortable – deaf, wooden Factive – evaluative Example: tall, mental – kind, brave

5. Parts of speech migration. The stems of two or more lexemes may belong to different parts of speech. Such words are called polyfunctional. Examples: love – to love, doctor – to doctor, man – to man, home (n) – home (adv. ) This is a result of words migration. The lexemes have different paradigms: Examples: doctor – doctors – doctor’s – doctors’ and to doctor, doctored, doctoring, etc.

5. Parts of speech migration. The new parts of speech are built by conversion in such examples. Polyfunctional words are present both in the notional and semi-notional parts of speech. Examples: He arrived before seven (preposition). I have never seen you before (adverb). Wash your hands before you have dinner (subordinating conjunction).