LECTURE 21 POSTSTRUCTURAL INSTITUTIONS FEMINIST GENEALOGIES What

LECTURE 21 • POSTSTRUCTURAL INSTITUTIONS FEMINIST GENEALOGIES What is genealogy? How does gender matter in its construction? What literatures, themes & concerns? Case Studies: Technologically Assisted Family Building and Persistent Irishness (Ethnicity)

Today’s Readings • Rapp, Rayna, (2011) ‘Reproductive Entanglements: Body, State, and Culture in the Dys/Regulation of Child-Bearing’, Social Research, Vol. 78, No. 3, Special Issue: The Body and the State: How the State Controls and Protects the Body, Part II (FALL 2011), pp. 693 -718. • Excerpt from Nash, Catherine, ‘Genealogical Identities

Genealogy: defn • Literally combines Genea ‘race, generation’ + Logia study • Biological ordering by genetic or DNA lines, now by law, customs, habits, advanced measures • Multi-temporal – connects past & future

Why geneaology in SOC 364? Institution & institutionalization • Biology is neutral fact, Points to value beyond task, function • • • objective evidence Technologically reliant Archive Spatial: local - global Repeatable Recursive Reflexive Reification of Symbolic Meaning Generation & Reproduction Kin, Clan Family Narrates space/time between fact events Bounded Social System

ART: a shortcut term • ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection of eggs, IVF, • Information – CDC, ESHRE, Human Reproduction, NASS (National ART Surveillance, US) , ICMART, national fertility data • Prereqs • Knowledge: Information & Decision making • Transportation • Economics: Financial Transfers, Financing, Extended/repeated visits • Communication

Assisted Reproductive Technologies 1978 – Louise Brown first ‘test tube baby’ UK, 1981 in US

? ? ? Take a Guess ? ? ? • How many ART cycles per year? • How many children produced through successful ART per year (globally)? • How many in US • Which countries lead ART contracting? • Which region (globally) most active? • How many children (est. ) produced by ART since Louise Brown?

Snapshot: Tech-assisted family building Population Infertility • Postponement – career, delayed independent residence, economic, marital status • Global market & hubs – Israel, India, UAE, Thailand, Belgium • Populations • Advanced age 40 -45 up to 50 or • • older Lifestyle, behavioural (stress, obesity) Extended hormonal contraceptive use (O’Connor) Impaired fecundity (genetic) Toxicity, Cancer survivor rates elevated • Average cost of an IUI cycle: $865; Median Cost: $350 (RESOLVE) 440 US clinics surveilled (since 2002) NASS, SMART (States Monitoring of Assisted Reproductive Technologies) • Patient demographics. • Patient obstetrical and medical history. • Parental infertility diagnosis. • Clinical parameters of the ART procedure. • Information regarding resultant pregnancies and births

Rapp: Modern family technologies & Markets • Child Surrogacy Arrangements • In re Baby MI (537 A. 2 d 1227) • not banned, but contracts are unenforceable or not recognized • Surrogate markets in India, US lower class • Postcolonial critiques – reproduction of imperialism? ? ? • Also Intercountry Child Adoptions • Child selection (online) • Economics: financing process, specialized adoption medicine • Communications birth parent continued connections Now trending … • Gamete Banking • Embryo Adoptions • Ovary cryopreservation (+7 yrs) & transfer (2012)

ART Rules (Legal Standards) • De-regulated market in US (Epstein & Landes, 1977) • No harmonization of across scales, only medical ethics boards (FIGO, ASRM, ESHRE, UN, SART, ASRM, HFEA, RESOLVE (US infertility) • Access for same-sex couples non-universal • Cross-border ART contracting is ‘entrenched’ since 2006 (Penfield, et al. , 2010) • Some EU countries, Japan dependent on ART • EU highest density of ART providers sq. km globally (ESHRE); 5 -7% child population in DK • EU law - migration, travel, health care travel OK (Schenken Agreement 1995, EU health ins. Card)

Feminist concerns about Dystopic futures A Brave New World, Adolus Huxley published 1932 about 2540 AD) Vivana Zelizer, social economist Pricing the Priceless Child Janet Dolgin, bioethics & law Defining the family : law, technology, and reproduction an uneasy age Anna Mastroianni, UW Law, feminist & reproductive ethics Sarah Franklin & Hélene Ragone Reproducing Reproduction: kinship, power and techological innovation Susan Mc. Kinnon & Sydel Silverman Complexities : beyond nature & nurture Donna Haraway ‘fundamentalis hereditarian & genetic discourse (1997( Nadya Suleman, ‘Octomom’

Nash: Feminist approaches to geneaologies of cultural belonging • Geographer (landscape), Belfast • Ancestral research, ‘Irishness’, diaspora • Technologies used for community connections and sustenance of ‘collective consciousness’ • Autoethnographic research: Contributed DNA to Human Genome Project is the World Family Tree Project • Effects • Rootedness, indigenaety, fixed flows, diasporatic identities • Legitimacy (authenticity) & proof on finer scales • Intimate identity of self is now public, multi-scaled • ‘Origin’ is now metaphorc & symbolic • Product of economics and politics access, risk

Next Up … • Excerpt from Skloot, Rebecca (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown Publishing/Random House. • Excerpt from ‘Revising, Diffracting, Acting’ in Clarke, Adele E. and Virginia Olesen (Eds. ), Revisioning Women, Health, & Healing: Feminist, Cultural, and Technoscience Perspectives. New York: Routledge. 1999.