Lecture 2 Phonetic and graphic expressive means Items

Lecture 2 Phonetic and graphic expressive means Items for discussion: o Rhyme o Rhythm o Alliteration o Onomatopoeia o Graphic expressive means

RHYME o The repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds, chaining two or more lines of a poem. e. g. “I bring fresh showers for the thirsty flowers. ” (Shelley)

RHYME - True/perfect/full rhyme - identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds: e. g. boat-float; might-right; kite-night; day-say; goes-flows - Incomplete/imperfect/half /slant rhyme - identity of the vowel sounds and difference of the consonant ones and vv: e. g. fresh-flesh; road-boat; loads-lads; honour-won her; worth-forth; tale-tool - Compound/broken rhyme – one word or a combination of words rhymes with a combination of words (gives a colloquial or humorous touch): e. g. bottom-forgot’em-shot him - Eye-rhyme – no identity in the sounds used (it can be perceived only through the written form). Many eye-rhymes are the result of historical changes in the vowel sounds. e. g. have-grave; love-prove; flood-doom

RHYTHM A deliberate arrangement of speech into regularly recurring units intended to be grasped as a definite periodicity. e. g. By hook or by crook As mad as a hatter “The high-sloping roof, of a fine sooty pink was almost Danish…” (Galsworthy)

RHYTHM There exist definite types of poetic rhythm of the line: § trochee § iambus § dactyl § amphibrach § anapaest

ALLITERATION The repetition of similar sounds (usually consonants) at the beginning of successive words. e. g. “Sense and Sensibility” “Pride and Prejudice”

Alliteration ‘Deep into the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before. ’ (E. A. Poe) Alcoholics Anonymous Barry's Barbecue Bistro

ONOMATOPOEIA A combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced by animals, people or inanimate things. e. g. “And nearing and clearing, And falling and crawling and sprawling, And gleaming and streaming and steaming and beaming, And in this way the water comes down at Ladore. ” (Robert Southey)

Onomatopoeia Direct onomatopoeia imitates natural sounds, as buzz, bang, beep, clap, click, cuckoo, rustle, giggle, mumble, whistle, crunch, splash, bubble, ping-pong, tick-tock, etc. o Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds that echoes the sense of the utterance. e. g. o ‘Whenever the moon and stars are set, Whenever the wind is high, All night long in the dark and wet A man goes riding by. ’ (R. S. Stevenson)

Graphon Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary (tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc. ) or by permanent factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).

GRAPHON o o o Apostrophe ‘ CAPITAL LETTERS Italics hyphen suspension marks ‘…’, or asterisks (***)

GRAPHON e. g. My daddy’s coming tomorrow on a nairplane. How are you, dullin? Wuddaya think? I don’t weally know wevver I’m a good girl. Whada you mean I ain’t invited? … Ford automobile … operates on rev-rev -a-lu-shun-ary principle.