Lecture 1 General Notions of Stylistics Stylistics

Lecture 1 General Notions of Stylistics • Stylistics and style. • Various definitions of style. • Stylistics and its subdivisions.

Excuse me, could you tell me the right time, please? - What time is it, please? - What's the time? - Time? - How much longer have we got? - My watch seems to have stopped. • - • • •

LANGUAGE SPEECH • Ideal (not perceived • Material (perceived • Abstract (deals with • Concrete (situationally • Potential (suggests • Real (language through senses); abstract notions); variants); • Conservative (relatively stable); • Social (meant for society and used in it) through senses); conditioned); potentialities are realised); • Dynamic (changes quicker than language); • Individual (belongs to a certain language speaker)

MAIN LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS • Communicative • Cognitive • Accumulating and storing information Characteristics • Language as a means of communication, exchange of information, regulation of relations bn people; • Language as a tool of thinking and cognizing the world; • Language as a form and means of accumulating knowledge about the world;

MAIN LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS FUNCTION • Expressive • Metalinguistic • Aesthetic (poetic) Characteristics • Language as a means of expressing feelings and emotions of a person, his inner state; • Language as both an instrument and object of research; • Language as a means of expressing talents of a person, connected with the aesthetic notions ” the beautuful / the ugly”

Communication • Addresser =CHANNEL Addressee • Oral • direct • (face to face) Written or indirect (radio, telephone, letters, etc. ).

Communicative linguistics PPSYCHO LINGUISTICS STYLISTICS PRAGMA LINGUISTICS SOCIO LINGUISTICS ETHNO LINGUISTICS

Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics that deals with two interdependent tasks: • the investigation of the inventory of special language means which by their features secure the desirable effect of the utterance certain types of texts (discourse) which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication.

Stylistics • The branch of communicative linguistics that studies the totality of linguistic varieties used by a language community in particular contexts.

In the ancient traditional theories of rhetoric • styles were classified into three main levels: • the high (or grand), • the middle, (or mean), and • the popular (plain) style.

In modern communicative linguistics • style is the term normally used to refer to the co-occurrent changes at various levels of linguistic structure within one language (S. Ervin-Tripp). • Styles are treated as particular versions of a speaker's behavior selected to achieve communicative ends in a context • Style - an individual manner of making use of language

• The style on any occasion is the product of many language choices. • Style is the manner of linguistic expression, a socially and ethically conditioned type of language behavior employed on a particular occasion and related to social distance between the speakers.

• Selections (shifts) can be sited along a scale ranging from formal to informal. • Every speech community uses the three style levels: • formal (or polite, bookish), • neutral (or normal), and • colloquial (familiar, casual).

Stylistics: I. R. Galperin I. V. Arnold • defines stylistics as a branch of general linguistics which deals with the study of the totality of special language means which are aimed at the desirable effect of the utterance, and, • the study of certain types of texts (discourse) which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication (functional styles). • views stylistics as a branch of general linguistics which deals with the principles and effects that the choice and use of lexical, grammatical, phonetic and other language means produce in conveying thoughts and emotions in different situations of communication.

Types of stylistic studies: • stylistics of language <-> stylistics of speech, • Linguostylistics <-> literary stylistics, • stylistics of encoding < -> stylistics of decoding (stylistics of a writer) (stylistics of a reader).

Linguostylistics LEXICAL PHONETIC GRAMMATICAL MORPHOLOGICAL SYNTACTIC GRAPHICAL

The Concept of Imagery • The concept of imagery. • The structure of a verbal image.

Stages of cognition /perception: • 1) sensory perception, • 2) intellectual perception (formation of concepts in men’s mind), • 3) imaginative, or artistic perception

Images • sculpture, painting, music, architecture, . . . • An artistic image is an artistic presentation of the general through the individual, of the abstract through the concrete • that not only gives a man new perception of the world but evokes certain attitude to what is depicted.

The main functions of an artistic image: • cognitive, • communicative, • aesthetic and • educational.

The structure of a verbal image includes: • 1) the Tenor (T) (обозначаемое), which is a direct thought, • 2) the Vehicle (V) (обозначающее), which is a figurative form, • 3) the Ground for comparison (G), which is a similar feature of the Tenor and the Vehicle, • 4) the Relations between the Tenor and the Vehicle (R).

The structure of a verbal image: • The old woman is sly like a fox. – T G R V • The old woman is like a fox T – R V • The old woman is a fox T – V • The old fox will deceive us – V