LATIN PRONOUNS THE BASICS Most pronouns

LATIN PRONOUNS

THE BASICS • Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives • The endings are mostly those of 1 st/2 nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –ius and the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3 rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders • The i in the -ius ending forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EIY-us, HUIYus and CUIY-us. In other pronouns the –i is long and takes the stress –e. g. illīus, normally pronounced il-LI-us • These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular – us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two)

is, ea, id (singular) • Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. • The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: – Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) – Canem spectat (He looks at the dog)

is (singular) Masc Nominative is Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ea id

is (singular) Masc Nominative is Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ea id eius

is (singular) Masc Nominative is Fem Neut ea id Genitive eius Dative eī Accusative Ablative

is (singular) Masc Nominative is Fem Neut ea id Genitive eius Dative eī Accusative eum Ablative eam id

is (singular) Masc Nominative is Fem Neut ea id Genitive eius Dative eī Accusative eum Ablative eō eam id eā eō

is (plural) Masc Nominative eī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut eae ea

is (plural) Masc Nominative eī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative eōrum Fem Neut eae ea eārum eōrum

is (plural) Masc Nominative eī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative eōrum Fem Neut eae ea eārum eōrum eīs

is (plural) Masc Nominative eī Genitive eōrum Fem Neut eae ea eārum eōrum eīs Dative Accusative eōs Ablative eā ea

is (plural) Masc Nominative eī Genitive eōrum Fem Neut eae ea eārum eōrum eīs Dative Accusative eōs Ablative eā ea eīs

īdem, eadem, idem • A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. • An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ – *eumdem > eundem – *eōrumdem > eōrundem • Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter – *isdem > īdem (long vowel) – *iddem > idem (short vowel)

īdem (singular) Masc Nominative īdem Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut eadem idem

īdem (singular) Masc Nominative īdem Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut eadem idem eiusdem

īdem (singular) Masc Nominative īdem Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut eadem idem eiusdem eīdem

īdem (singular) Masc Nominative īdem Genitive Dative Accusative eundem Ablative Fem Neut eadem idem eiusdem eīdem eandem idem

īdem (singular) Masc Nominative īdem Genitive Neut eadem idem eiusdem eīdem Dative Accusative eundem Ablative Fem eōdem eandem idem eādem eōdem

īdem (plural) Masc Nominative eīdem Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut eaedem eadem

īdem (plural) Masc Nominative eīdem Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative eōrundem Fem Neut eaedem eadem eārundem eōrundem

īdem (plural) Masc Nominative eīdem Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative eōrundem Fem Neut eaedem eadem eārundem eōrundem eīsdem

īdem (plural) Masc Nominative eīdem Genitive eōrundem Dative Accusative eōsdem Ablative Fem Neut eaedem eadem eārundem eōrundem eīsdem eāsdem eadem

īdem (plural) Masc Nominative eīdem Genitive eōrundem Dative Accusative eōsdem Ablative Fem Neut eaedem eadem eārundem eōrundem eīsdem eāsdem eīsdem eadem

hic, haec, hoc • The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting with ille for `the former’) • The word is less irregular than it looks as most of the case forms (apart from the usual pronominal dative singular –i and genitve singular –ius) are the regular 1 st/2 nd declension ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally a separate word). An m turns into n before this: – *hamc > hanc • The feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative/accusative plural are identical - haec

hic (singular) Masc Nominative hic Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut haec hoc

hic (singular) Masc Nominative hic Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut haec hoc huius

hic (singular) Masc Nominative hic Fem Neut haec hoc Genitive huius Dative huic Accusative Ablative

hic (singular) Masc Nominative hic Fem Neut haec hoc Genitive huius Dative huic Accusative hunc Ablative hanc hoc

hic (singular) Masc Nominative hic Fem Neut haec hoc Genitive huius Dative huic Accusative hunc Ablative hōc hanc hoc hāc hōc

hic (plural) Masc Nominative hī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut haec

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī haec Accusative hōs hās haec Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī haec Accusative hōs hās haec hārum hōrum Genitive Dative Ablative hōrum

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī haec Accusative hōs hās haec hārum hōrum Genitive Dative Ablative hōrum hīs

hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī haec Accusative hōs hās haec hārum hōrum Genitive hōrum Dative hīs Ablative hīs

ille, illa, illud (singular) • Basic meaning is `that’, but also means `the former’ (contrasting with hic for `the latter’) • Endings are almost all regular, except for the masculine and neuter singular nominative (ille, illud) and the pronominal –īus and –ī for genitive and dative singular • This word is the origin for the definitive article and the words for he and she in most Romance languages

ille (singular) Masc Nominative ille Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut illa illud

ille (singular) Masc Nominative ille Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut illa illud illīus

ille (singular) Masc Nominative ille Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut illa illud illīus illī

ille (singular) Masc Nominative ille Genitive Fem Neut illa illud illīus illī Dative Accusative illum Ablative illam illud

ille (singular) Masc Nominative ille Fem Neut illa illud illīus Genitive illī Dative Accusative illum Ablative illō illam illud illā illō

ille (plural) Masc Nominative illī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut illae illa

ille (plural) Masc Nominative illī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative illōrum Fem Neut illae illa illārum illōrum

ille (plural) Masc Nominative illī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative illōrum Fem Neut illae illa illārum illōrum illīs

ille (plural) Masc Nominative illī Genitive illōrum Fem Neut illae illa illārum illōrum illīs Dative Accusative illōs Ablative illās illa

ille (plural) Masc Nominative illī Genitive illōrum Fem Neut illae illa illārum illōrum illīs Dative Accusative illōs Ablative illās illa illīs

iste, ista, istud • The basic meaning is `that’, in the sense of distant from the speaker but probably near the person being spoken to. • It can often be translated as `that…of yours’, with the implication that the object or person described is worthless. – Iste amīcus mē minimē dēlectat. (I don’t at all like that friend of yours) • The endings are exactly the same as those of ille

iste (singular) Masc Nominative iste Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ista istud

iste (singular) Masc Nominative iste Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ista istud istīus

iste (singular) Masc Nominative iste Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ista istud istīus istī

iste (singular) Masc Nominative iste Genitive Dative Accusative istum Ablative Fem Neut ista istud istīus istī istam istud

iste (singular) Masc Nominative iste Fem Neut ista istud istīus Genitive istī Dative Accusative istum Ablative istō istam istud istā istō

iste (plural) Masc Nominative istī Genitive istōrum Dative Accusative istōs Ablative Fem Neut istae ista istārum istōrum istīs istās istīs ista

THE EMPHATIC PRONOUN (ipse, ipsa, ipsum) • This pronoun (translatable as himself, herself, itself, themselves etc. ) must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive pronoun (sē, sibi etc. ) which is translated into English in exactly the same way. The emphatic pronoun is used simply in order to emphasise another word, NOT to show that the action done by the subject `bends back’ (the meaning of `reflexive’) to affect that subject. – Caesar ipse Cicerōnem laudat (The action done by Caesar affects Cicero, not Caesar) • Caesar himself praises Cicero – Caesar sē laudat (Caesar’s action affects Caesar, not someone else) • Caesar praises himself • The endings are the same as those of ille or iste, except for the masculine nominative singular (ipse) neuter nominative and accusative singular (ipsum) and thus identical with the regular endings of an –us, -a, -um adjective except for the typical pronominal endings –ius and –ī in the genitive and dative singular respectively

ipse (singular) Masc Nominative ipse Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ipsa ipsum

ipse (singular) Masc Nominative ipse Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ipsa ipsum ipsīus

ipse (singular) Masc Nominative ipse Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut ipsa ipsum ipsīus ipsī

ipse (singular) Masc Nominative ipse Genitive Dative Accusative ipsum Ablative Fem Neut ipsa ipsum ipsīus ipsī ipsam ipsum

ipse (singular) Masc Nominative ipse Fem Neut ipsa ipsum ipsīus Genitive ipsī Dative Accusative ipsum Ablative ipsō ipsam ipsum ipsā ipsō

ipse (plural) Masc Nominative ipsī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut ipsae ipsa

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa ipsārum ipsōrum Genitive Dative Ablative ipsōrum

ipse (plural) Masc Nominative ipsī Genitive ipsōrum Dative Accusative ipsōs Ablative Fem Neut ipsae ipsa ipsārum ipsōrum ipsīs ipsās ipsīs ipsa

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (quī, quae, quod) • This pronoun (translatable as who, which, whose, that etc. ) is used in order to add to a sentence an additional statement about a noun. The pronoun’s case depends on its function within its own clause, and its number and gender upon the noun it refers to. – Rēgīna, quae heri advēnit, nihil dīxit – Rēgīna, quam heri vīdimus, nihil dīxit – Rēgīnae, quibus dōna dedimus, nihil dīxērunt • • The endings are virtually the same as those of hic with the c left off, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quod), the masculine singular accusative (quem) and the alternative dative and ablative plural (quibus). Another peculiarity is the spelling with initial c rather than q in the dative and ablative singular (cuius, cui) The interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions, is identical to the relative pronoun except for the masculine and feminine nominative singular (quis) and the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quid). The masculine accusative singular quem is also normally used for the feminine also. – Quis pecūniam cēpit? • Quid dīxistī? Cuius liber est in mēnsā? The interrogative adjective, which has to be used in a phrase with a noun, has exactly the same forms as the relative pronoun. – Quī discipulus fenestram frēgit? Quōs librōs lēgistī?

OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS • This pronoun quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (usually translated as a certain etc. ) is used like a stronger form indefinite article (a, an) to introduce a person or thing not mentioned before. It is formed by adding the suffix –dam to the forms of the relative pronoun and, as with īdem/eadem/idem, a final m becomes n in front of the d (e. g. *quōrumdam > quōrundam). – – – • Homō quīdam dēscendēbat ab Hierosolymā in Iericho. Ad urbem quandam pervēnērunt. In quoddam oppidum intrāvimus ut bona emerēmus. The pronoun aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (someone, something) follows the pattern of the interrogative pronoun except that –a (i. e. the regular ending in –us, -am –um adjectives like bonus) is used in the feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative an accusative plural. – Aliquid bibere vīs? Do you want to drink something? – Servī aliqua ā vīllā portābant. The slaves were fetching some things from the villa. • Quisquam/quicquam (anyone, anything), which is used in negative sentences, is formed by adding the suffix –quam to the interrogative pronoun. The final d in the neuter nominative/accusative singular changes to c. – • Quemquam nōn vīdī. I didn’t see anybody. The indefinite pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque (quīque/quaeque/ quodque as an adjective), meaning each one, also follows the same pattern but has a separate form in –ae for the nominative singular feminine. Notice that the ablative singular masculine and neuter (quōque) is identical to the adverb meaning also. – Quōque diē Saturnī convenīmus. We meet every Saturday. – Cuīque dōnum dedit. He gave a present to each one.

OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS (concluded) • Finally, the pronoun quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (whoever, whatever etc. ) follows the pattern of the relative pronoun quī/quae/quod – In quamcumque domum intraveritis, primum dicite: Pax huic domui In whatever house you have entered, first say `Peace to this house!’ – Quīcumque hunc ānulum diabolicum adeptus erit, magnam clādem patiētur. Whoever has gained possession of this devilish ring will suffer a great disaster.

quī (singular) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut quae quod

quī (singular) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut quae quod cuius

quī (singular) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut quae quod cuius cui

quī (singular) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative quem Ablative Fem Neut quae quod cuius cui quam quod

quī (singular) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Fem Neut quae quod cuius cui Dative Accusative quem Ablative quō quam quod quā quō

quī (plural) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Fem Neut quae

quī (plural) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative quōrum Fem Neut quae quārum quōrum

quī (plural) Masc Nominative quī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative quōrum Fem Neut quae quārum quōrum quīs/quibus

quī (plural) Masc Nominative quī Genitive quōrum Fem Neut quae quārum quōrum Dative quīs/quibus Accusative quōs quās Ablative quae

quī (plural) Masc Nominative quī Genitive quōrum Fem Neut quae quārum quōrum Dative quīs/quibus Accusative quōs quās Ablative quīs/quibus quae

EGO, TŪ and SĒ • Whilst the English pronouns I and you are often the subject of sentences, ego and tū are not, because their meaning is contained already in the verb endings. The Latin pronouns are therefore generally only used in the nominative when special emphasis is required: . – – Caesarem in templō saepe videō. Ego Caesarem in templō saepe videō Computātrum frēgistī Tū computātrum frēgistī I often see Caesar in the temple You broke the computer • The retroflex pronoun sē is used for referring back to the subject when the same person or thing is both performing an action and affected by it. It has to be translated himself, herself, itself or themselves, according to context, and must be distinguished from ipse, which is translated in the same way but used only to emphasise another word. • The genitive of these words is not used for simple possession, which is insteasd expressed by the adjectives meus, tuus and suus – – – Quis librum meum abstulit? Petrus servōs me emere volēbat Maria amīcās suās invitāvit Who took my book away? Peter wanted to buy my slaves Mary invited her own friends • All these pronouns have the ablative singular and accusative singular ending in -e, whilst tū and sē are similar to each other throughout the singular • Latin has no special words for myself, yourself etc. and simply uses mē, tē etc. – Tē pulsāvī I hit you - Mē pulsāvī I hit myself

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative you himself etc. ego tū -

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Genitive meī tuī suī Dative Accusative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi tibi sibi Accusative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi tibi sibi Accusative mē tē sē Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi tibi sibi Accusative mē tē sē Ablative mē tē sē

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative you himself etc. nōs vōs -

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative nōs nostrī you vōs vestrī himself etc. suī

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you himself etc. Genitive nōs nostrī vōs vestrī suī Dative nōbīs vōbīs sibi Nominative Accusative Ablative -

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you himself etc. Genitive nōs nostrī vōs vestrī suī Dative nōbīs vōbīs sibi Accusative nōs vōs sē Nominative Ablative -

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you himself etc. Genitive nōs nostrī vōs vestrī suī Dative nōbīs vōbīs sibi Accusative nōs nōbīs vōbīs sē Nominative Ablative - sē