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Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • all speech production happens in Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • all speech production happens in the mouth or throat – throat: larynx • most vowel sounds • produced by the continuous flow of air over the pharynx, in combination with certain configuration in the mouth • back to front: i/e/a/o/u • very variable over time and across regions – nose: middle ground between vowels and consonants • nasals = semivowels

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • all speech production happens in Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • all speech production happens in the mouth or throat – mouth: palate/teeth/lips • most consonants • by stopping and then releasing flow of air • or narrowing the air stream: fricatives (f/v/z/sh/th) – spirant (/s/): air through teeth PHONEMES VOICED: UNVOICED: B P D T G C the FRICATIVES: F V Z SH TH NASALS: LIQUIDS: M L N R CONTINUANTS: W Y LABIOVELARS: G w Kw ASPIRATES: BH DH GH Gw. H

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • voiced vs. unvoiced consonants – Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • voiced vs. unvoiced consonants – based on the use of the vocal chords (or not) • voiced: b/d/g/m/z • unvoiced: p/t/c/n/sh – classes of consonants • based on where the sound is formed in the mouth • labial (lips): b/p • dental (teeth and tongue): d/t • palatal (hard palate): g/c PHONEMES VOICED: UNVOICED: B P D T G C FRICATIVES: F V Z SH TH NASALS: LIQUIDS: M L N R CONTINUANTS: W Y LABIOVELARS: G w Kw ASPIRATES: BH DH GH Gw. H

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • Indo-European had most of consonants Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • Indo-European had most of consonants – 18 total – but it was missing: z, sh – and it had a full set of aspirates: bh/dh/gh • these are the consonants that all IE daughter languages inherit these PHONEMES VOICED: UNVOICED: B P D T G C FRICATIVES: F V Z SH TH NASALS: LIQUIDS: M L N R CONTINUANTS: W Y LABIOVELARS: G w Kw ASPIRATES: BH DH GH

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • the Germanic branch of Indo-European Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • the Germanic branch of Indo-European – i. e. the way the IE language evolved as IE speakers moved into northern Europe • West Germanic: German, English, Dutch • East Germanic: now extinct • North Germanic (Scandinavian): Swedish, Danish, Norwegian

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • West Germanic – developed among Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • West Germanic – developed among Germanic speakers who lived between the Elbe and Oder Rivers

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law WEST GERMANS Elbe River Oder River Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law WEST GERMANS Elbe River Oder River

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • West Germanic – developed among Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • West Germanic – developed among Germanic speakers who lived between the Elbe and Oder Rivers – this is the mother tongue of modern German – also English, after the Angles and Saxons invade and settle England • East Germanic – developed among German speakers who lived east of the Oder River

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law EAST GERMANS Elbe River Oder River Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law EAST GERMANS Elbe River Oder River

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • West Germanic – developed among Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • West Germanic – developed among Germanic speakers who lived between the Elbe and Oder Rivers – this is the mother tongue of modern German – also English, after the Angles and Saxons invade and settle England • East Germanic – developed among German speakers who lived east of the Oder River – this branch of Germanic is now extinct • Northern Germanic – developed in Denmark, Norway and Sweden; and later Iceland

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • THE GREAT CONSONANT SHIFT – Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • THE GREAT CONSONANT SHIFT – around 1000 -500 BCE, there occurred a significant shift in consonants that affected all Germanic languages • before Common Germanic had begun to break up – the change affected only consonants • primarily voiced, unvoiced, and aspirate consonants – it is unclear why this change happened • “languages drift” “It is often assumed that the change was due to contact with a non-Germanic population. The contact could have resulted from the migration of the Germanic tribes or from the penetration of a foreign population into Germanic territory. ” A. C. Baugh, A History of the English Language

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G UNVOICED > > > P T K/C • the change began when unvoiced consonants (p/t/k) changed into aspirate consonants (ph/th/kh) – for some reason, our Germanic ancestors decided to start speaking breathily all the time • but then it was hard to tell what words meant, so the original aspirate consonants became voiced consonants • then the voiced consonants became unvoiced consonants, bringing all these consonants full circle

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • that this had happened was Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • that this had happened was first discovered by Jacob Grimm (1785 -1863) – linguist, philologist and folklorist • as a student, he went about the German countryside, gathering evidence from locals of archaic words • language in the country often retains archaic constructions lost in the city – 1822: Grimm published evidence of the Great Consonant Shift • henceforth, “Grimm’s Law” – at the same time he and his brother Wilhelm published “Grimms’ Fairy Tales” – he also oversaw the creation of a German dictionary and grammar

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • now let’s look at Grimm’s Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law • now let’s look at Grimm’s Law: – by examining words that at first don’t look like cognates but, when you understand Grimm’s Law, you can see they are! • we’ll do this by looking at Latin/Greek words which haven’t undergone the Great Consonant Shift and comparing them to their English cognates – remember that vowels (and semi-vowels) are unstable and very likely to change — focus only on the consonants father – e. g. Latin pater = English _____? • Latin p = English f • Latin t = English th

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > ________ G > K/C GEN(US) “race, family” genus, genesis, genetic KIN K_N

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > ________ G > K/C GEL(I)D(US) “frozen” gelid, congeal, Jell-O COLD C _ LD

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) > B > TH (F) > D > K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > __________ CHOL(OS) “bile” cholera, melancholy GALL G _ L(L) UNVOICED P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) > B > TH (F) > D > K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > __________ HOST(IS) “stranger” host, hostile, hostel/hotel GUEST G _ ST UNVOICED P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > _______ D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C DA(CTYLOS) “digit, finger, extremity” dactylic, pterodactyl TOE T__

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > _______ D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C D(UO) “pair, both” duo, dual, duplicate TWO T __

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) > B > TH (F) > D _________ > K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > TH(EMA) “act, accomplish” theme, synthesis, antithesis DO D_ UNVOICED P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) _________ > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G POL(Y) “many, much” polygon, polygamy FULL FILL F_LL UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > _________ PH (F) > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G FER(O) “carry” fertile, transfer, refer BEAR B__R UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > _________ > PH (F) > B P T > TH (F) > D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > ________ G > K/C FRAG(ILIS) “crush, destroy” fragile, fragment, fracture BREAK BR__K

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE P Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE P > PH (F) _________ VOICED > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G ___________ PISC(ES) “sea creature” Pisces, piscary FISH F_SH UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > _______ D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C DOM(US) “house” domestic, domicile, dome T_M(BER) TIM(BER) TAME T_ME

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > _________ PH (F) > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G FER(VO) “become hot” fervid, effervescent BUR(N) B_R(N) UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > ________ G > K/C GRAN(US) “grain” granary, granola COR(N) C_R(N)

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G ___________ CORN(U) “antler” unicorn, cornet HOR(N) H_R(N) UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > _______ D > T _________ K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C DENT(ES) “molar, incisor” dentist, dentition, indent TEETH T__TH

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED P > PH (F) > B > P T > TH (F) > D > T K/C > KH/CH (H) > ________ G > K/C AG(E)R “field” agriculture, agronomy ACR(E) _CR_

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) > B T > TH (F) > D _________ K/C > KH/CH (H) > G TON(ITUS) “loud noise” intone, astonish, detonate THUN(DER) TH_N(DER) UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > _________ PH (F) > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G FLO(RA) “flower” florid, florist, flourescent BLOOM BL__ (M) UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) _________ > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G AP(O)“away from” apostate, apostrophe, apostle OFF OF _F UNVOICED > > > P T K/C

Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED Latin and Greek Elements in English Grimm’s Law UNVOICED LABIALS: DENTALS: GUTTURALS: ASPIRATE VOICED P > PH (F) _________ > B T > TH (F) > D K/C > KH/CH (H) > G PR(O)“in place of, in behalf of” progress, proceed, pro FOR F_R UNVOICED > > > P T K/C