Latin American Law Confronting Codified Sexism Colombia Last updated 14 Nov 101
Schedule • • • 21 -Nov Legal education in Lat. Am (reading) 23 -Nov VIRTUAL FRIDAY 28 -Nov Prof Oquendo (no reading) 30 -Nov Assignment 28 (corporate law) 5 -Dec Visit with Prof Oyarce (Peru) (reading) 7 -Dec Visit with Prof Reyes (Colombia) (reading)
Today’s topics • Activism of Colombia’s Constitutional Court – Gender-specific legislation • Civil marriage only in woman’s domicile • Marriage void if woman abducted – Standard of review • What level of justification • Search for justifications – Remedy • Interpretation of legislation to be gender neutral • Rewriting of offending legislation • Sources of law
Value of knowing other legal systems • • Model for borrowing Gain perspective Discover truths Impose / power Judicial review of sexism
Colombia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2007) • Women in politics: – Political quota: women in 30% of appointed government posts (5 women in the 13 -member cabinet, 3 on the 23 -member Supreme Court; 11 women in 102 member Senate, including its president / 16 women in the 166 -member House of Representatives) • Violence against women: – Rape, including spousal rape, jail terms from 8 -15 years for violent sexual assault. (14, 246 cases of suspected sex crimes, including rape, many cases unreported • Women in workplace: – New law prohibits harassment in workplace: sexual harassment, verbal abuse or derision, aggression, and discrimination • Women in economy: – President's advisor for equality of women: 5, 973 gov’t microcredit loans to women, in the amount of five million dollars (12 billion pesos). Who is ahead – US or Colombia? Same Wellborn
Colombian Palace of Justice Bogota
Colombian Constitutional Court (2006) Declares unconstitutional the legislature’s blanket criminalization of abortion Holds abortions cannot be punished if: (1) the pregnancy constitutes a grave danger to the pregnant woman’s life or health; (2) the fetus has serious genetic malformations; (3) the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. Otherwise, abortion still illegal (but now tolerated) And … Taryn Kadar
Colombia’s Constitution (1991) …
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Preamble TITLE I Fundamental Rights TITLE II Rights, Guarantees and Duties TITLE III Population and the Territory TITLE IV Democratic Participation and Political Parties TITLE V Organization of the State TITLE VI Legislative Branch TITLE VII Executive Branch TITLE VIII Judiciary Branch TITLE IX Elections and the Electoral Organization TITLE X Supervisory Bodies TITLE XI Territorial Organization TITLE XII Economic and Financial Regime TITLE XIII Constitutional Amendment
Equal protection …
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Article 13. All individuals are born free and equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection and treatment by the authorities, and to enjoy the same rights, freedoms, and opportunities without discrimination on the basis of gender, race, national or family origin, language, religion, political opinion, or philosophy. The state will promote the conditions necessary in order that equality may be real and effective will adopt measures in favor of groups which are discriminated against or marginalized. The state will especially protect those individuals who on account of their economic, physical, or mental condition are in obviously vulnerable circumstances and will sanction any abuse or ill-treatment perpetrated against them. US Constitution Amendment XIV (1868) Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall … deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Article 13. All individuals are born free and equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection and treatment by the authorities, and to enjoy the same rights, freedoms, and opportunities without discrimination on the basis of gender, race, national or family origin, language, religion, political opinion, or philosophy. The state will promote the conditions necessary in order that equality may be real and effective will adopt measures in favor of groups which are discriminated against or marginalized. The state will especially protect those individuals who on account of their economic, physical, or mental condition are in obviously vulnerable circumstances and will sanction any abuse or ill-treatment perpetrated against them. US Constitution Amendment XIV (1868) Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall … deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Article 43. Women and men have equal rights and opportunities. Women cannot be subjected to any type of discrimination. During their periods of pregnancy and following delivery, women will benefit from the special assistance and protection of the state and will receive from the latter food subsidies if they should thereafter find themselves unemployed or abandoned. The state will support the female head of household in a special way. US Constitution ERA (1972) Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Article 43. Women and men have equal rights and opportunities. Women cannot be subjected to any type of discrimination. During their periods of pregnancy and following delivery, women will benefit from the special assistance and protection of the state and will receive from the latter food subsidies if they should thereafter find themselves unemployed or abandoned. The state will support the female head of household in a special way. US Constitution ERA (1972) Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Apply Colombian constitution to gender-specific code provision … (what court? ) “This was a strange pair of cases” Sam Wellborn
Article 125: “Marriages shall take place before the municipal judge of the woman’s vicinity in the presence of two witnesses. ” Why included in Civil Code of 1887? Compare to the US – ex post vs ex ante Taryn Kadar Sam Wellborn
Gonzalez Bernal v. Art. 126 Strict scrutiny (prima facie forbidden: government must advance clear reasons, pressing objectives) Constitutional analysis (or pseudo-science façade? ) Discriminatory (suspect category) Remedial (affirmative action) Legislative provision Private discrimination (horizontal effect) Non-discriminatory (neutral category) Intermediate scrutiny (preference substantially related to objectives) Lower scrutiny (Constitution protects plurality, autonomy, personality, association) Less rigorous scrutiny (categories advance permissible goal) Compare US judicial review –Sam Wellbonn
Article 125: “Marriages shall take place before the municipal judge of the woman’s vicinity in the presence of two witnesses. ” Article 125: “Marriages shall take place before the municipal judge of the vicinity of either of the spouses in the presence of two witnesses. ” Why do civilians abhor a vacuum? Sam Wellborn
What grade would you give court opinion? Taylor Noland
Gonzalez Bernal (Col Const Ct 2000) Antecedents Facts? Challenged law Analysis? Complaint Persuasive? Considerations: Guidance? Court has jurisdiction over case (I) Social effect? Issue is whether sexual criteria valid (II) Legislature has authority to regulate marriage (III - IV) “Vicinity” in law means “domicile” (V - VI) Standards of review vary (VII - IX) Court invalidates rule that marriage only in woman’s domicile (X - XIII) Court rewrites provision to be gender-neutral (XIV - XIX) Court rewrites another provision to be consistent (XX) Decision (I - III) Concurrence Laws should be presumed valid, and if unconstitutional, should be declared null, without further legal existence (I - III)
Gonzalez Bernal: “Of course, these possible justifications [protect the woman from being whisked away and uphold the social tradition that bride’s parents pay for wedding] are inadmissible in a constitutional order that recognizes the equality in the sexes. ” Average marriage Colombia United States Women 22. 4 26. 0 Men 25. 8 28. 7
Abduction of grooms … Colombia Civil Code Article 140(6) Ridiculous? Taryn Kadar
Taryn Kadar Parra v. Art. 140(6) Strict scrutiny (prima facie forbidden: government must advance clear reasons, pressing objectives) (Col. Const Ct 2001) Legislative provision Discriminatory (suspect category) Remedial (affirmative action) Private discrimination (horizontal effect) Non-discriminatory (neutral category) Intermediate scrutiny (preference substantially related to objectives) Lower scrutiny (Constitution protects plurality, autonomy, personality, association) Less rigorous scrutiny (categories advance permissible goal)
Parra: “We therefore hold the contested provision conditionally unconstitutional. We leave the challenged phrase in place with the understanding that … either spouse may sue for the annulment of the marriage … under Article 140(6). ”
SECUESTROS 1996 – 2006 Secuestros según situación de la víctima SITUACI ÓN DE LA VÍCTIMA AÑO DE PLAGIO 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 TOTAL % Situa ción Liberado 560 955 1639 1846 1930 1496 1458 1123 937 514 407 12865 55, 59 % Rescatado 237 270 354 498 649 701 699 392 254 149 147 4350 18, 80 % Cautivo 110 249 416 495 609 422 368 267 124 52 69 3181 13, 74 % Muerto en cautiverio 99 100 197 208 234 115 109 92 42 28 30 1254 5, 42% Liberado presión 17 4 39 55 35 129 193 203 57 40 23 795 3, 44% Fuga 15 30 30 57 47 42 50 43 26 14 11 365 1, 58% Liberado por mediación humanitar ia 15 185 45 68 12 5 1 3 334 1038 1623 2860 3204 3572 2917 2882 2121 1440 4% 7% 12% 14% 15% 13% 12% 9% Total general % Anual 1, 44% 8 0 0 687 23144 100, 00% 6% 3% 3% 100%
Sources of law … • • Constitution Legislative history International treaties Jurisprudence Doctrine Custom Public policy
End
Panamanian code provisions declared unconstitutional • Article 1167 limited the freedom of married women to sign a contract with their spouses • Articles 1192 whereby men are solely granted the administration of the property acquired in married life • Article 112 a, which established that a married woman is obliged to follow her husband, wherever he takes up his residence; • Article 35 of the Family Code, which established that a divorced woman is not allowed to remarry, within 300 days after the date of the dissolution of her marriage • Articles 1007 and 1008 of the Administrative Code, which established that a “de facto” separation of a woman from her husband was only accepted when there was a justified reason, and that if her husband duly alleged in a lower court, the woman’s tendency to perversion, she should be placed in an honest house, or in grave cases, in a reformatory;
Wilson v. Bellamy NC common law of IIED (like “code”): gang rape at frat party is not actionable (not extreme and outrageous / contributory negligence)
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Article 43. Women and men have equal rights and opportunities. Women cannot be subjected to any type of discrimination. During their periods of pregnancy and following delivery, women will benefit from the special assistance and protection of the state and will receive from the latter food subsidies if they should thereafter find themselves unemployed or abandoned. The state will support the female head of household in a special way. US Constitution ERA (1972) Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Constitution of Colombia (1991) Article 43. Women and men have equal rights and opportunities. Women cannot be subjected to any type of discrimination. During their periods of pregnancy and following delivery, women will benefit from the special assistance and protection of the state and will receive from the latter food subsidies if they should thereafter find themselves unemployed or abandoned. The state will support the female head of household in a special way. US Constitution ERA (1972) Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
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