Latin American and Caribbean Regional Expert Workshop on Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Buenos Aires, 13 May – 16 June 2005 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA)
Item 1 – Opening Welcome and introductions: • CBD – Secretariat • Government of Argentina: • Secretary of Environment • Secretary of Agriculture • Cancilleria Argentina • Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA) • Participants • Training team 2
Item 1 – Objectives • Understand application of the Addis Ababa Principles of Sustainable Use • Understanding ecosystem services, including tools and methods to assess them • Understanding financial costs and benefits and tools to assess them • Assess applicability of Addis Ababa Principles of Sustainable Use to Agricultural Biodiversity 3
Item 2 – Agenda 1. Welcome and introductions 2. Adoption of agenda and mandate 3. Objectives of the workshop 4. Key terms and concepts 5. Overview of Addis Ababa Principles 6. Application of Addis Ababa Principles 4
Item 2 – Agenda 6. Ecosystem services assessment 7. Financial costs and benefits 8. Assessment of the workshop 9. Other matters 10. Adoption of workshop report 11. Closing remarks 5
Item 2 – Mandate Decision VII/12 Calls for regional technical expert workshops to cover: • Sustainable use • Ecosystem services assessment • Financial cost and benefits Invites Parties to: • Implement the Addis Ababa Guidelines • Integrate/Mainstream them in domestic measures • Disseminate experiences and lessons learned 6
Item 2 – Mandate Decision VII/12 Invites research on: • Livelihoods and ecosystem services • Indigenous and local communities and women • Resilience • Use of terms • Management planning 7 • Transboundary species • Relationships between components of biodiversity • Socio-economic factors • Monitoring • Equitable distribution of benefits
Item 2 – Mandate Decision VII/12 • Invites assessment of the applicability of the Addis Ababa Principles to Agricultural Biodiversity • Calls for guidance about the principles and guideline in relation to the CBD working programme on Agricultural Biodiversity 8
Item 3 – Key terms/concepts Conceptual framework: 9 Ecosystem services sustain life, biodiversity, and livelihoods
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Biodiversity … The variety and variability of living organisms at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels and [the] ecological complexes, of which they are part 10
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Biological resources … Include genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, or any other biotic component of ecosystems with actual or potential use or value for humanity 11
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Agricultural biodiversity … Includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture – the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain key funcions in the agroecosystem, its structures and processes. 12
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Sustainable use … The use of components of biological diversity that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity while maintaining the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations 13
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Use … May be either consumptive or nonconsumptive 14
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Sustainability … Is the probability that a use will be sustainable and is dependent on: • Maintenance of biological diversity and key ecological functions, and • Population(s) of target species remaining above thresholds needed for long-term viability, and 15 • The component of biological diversity remaining a significant resource for people.
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Ecosystem … Is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit 16
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Ecosystem services … • Provisioning - food, water, fiber and fuel • Regulating - climate, water quality, disease • Cultural - spiritual, aesthetic, recreation • Supporting - primary production, soil formation 17
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Adaptive management … Is a cyclic, learning-oriented approach to the management of complex environmental systems that are characterized by high levels of uncertainty about system processes* * Based on a definition provided in Jacobson, C. (August 2003) Introduction to adaptive management. (Online) URL: http: //student. lincoln. ac. nz/am-links/am-intro. htm 18
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Use regime … The sum of the activities applied to the management and use of a geographically discrete biological resource 19
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Resource managers … Those individuals directly responsible and accountable for managing a component of biological diversity for use 20
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Assumptions: • Ecosystems and their components change • The supply of biological resources is limited • Biological resources can be used while maintaining ecological processes, species and their variability above thresholds for long-term viability • Secure delivery of ecosystem services 21
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Conditions: • People depend on wild harvests • Women are often primary users • “Precaution” is the rule • Sustainable use policies can protect natural land/seascapes 22
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Factors affecting sustainability: • Internal factors • External factors 23
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Sustainable use and the Millennium Development Goals • Poverty reduction • Livelihood security • Health 24 • Incentives for conservation of biodiversity
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Ecosystem Approach • Biodiversity is considered with economic and social factors • Management is integrated • Social process 25
Item 3 – Key terms & concepts Other relevant CBD initiatives • 2010 target • Incentive measures • Indigenous peoples • Tourism 26
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Regional Case Studies • Uso sostenible de quanacos en esquemas mixtos de producción en la estepa patagónica - Julieta von Thungen, Argentina • El uso sostenible de loro hablador en la ecoregion de Argentina – Ricardo Banchs, Flabio Moscchione, Isabel Barrios; Argentina • Conservación in situ de amaranto en una zona representativa los andes meridionales occidentales – Maria Gloria Quispe, Peru 27
Item 5 – Applying the Principles • Discussion points • Relevance of the Addis Ababa principles to agricultural biodiversity: • Do individual principles have more relevance than others? • Does the relevance vary with the scale/focus of agricultural biodiversity use? • If there is relevance how should the principles be applied? • Relevance of the Ecosystem Approach in the context of management of agricultural biodiversity • Relevance of agricultural biodiversity to meeting the Millennium Development Goals 28
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 1: Get the legal framework right Congruent policies, laws and Institutions at all levels of government - with links between them 29
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 2. Responsibility with accountability • Empowerment • Access rights • Government oversight • Monitoring • Authority 30
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 3. Avoid perverse incentives • Market distortions • Habitat degradation • Inequity 31
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 4. Use adaptive management 32
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 5. Minimize adverse impacts on the ecosystem • Management goals and practices • Understand role of managed resource • Monitor impact of use 33
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 6. Invest in appropriate research • Applied - to answer management questions • Interdisciplinary • Government vs private 34
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 7. Get the scale of use right • Jurisdictional • Ecological • Socio-Economic 35
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 8. Seek international cooperation where necessary • Shared resources • Management needs • Optional approaches to cooperation 36
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 9: Use an interdisciplinary and participatory approach wherever possible • Government • Resource managers • Local stakeholders • Others 37
Item 5 – Applying the Principles Regional Case Studies • Necesidead de nuevo paradigm para la sustentabilidad del uso de los agroecosistemas: el caso del Chaco - Jorge Adámoli, Argentina • Ostión del Norte: Northern scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) at La Rinconada, Antofagasta II Región de Chile – Leonardo Núñez Montaner, Chile • Uso sostenible de recursos fitogenéticos: papa, maiz, poroto en el NOA – Andrea Clausen, Argentina 38
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 10: Know the value of the resour 39
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 11: Minimize waste and adverse environmental impacts • Incidental take • Multiple products • Optimize benefits 40
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 12: Ensure equitable distribution of benefits meet local needs • Who shares? • Balancing risks with benefits • Incentives 41
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 13: Management costs should be covered by income • Direct costs and opportunity costs • Benefit flows • Economic incentives 42
Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles Principle 14: Educate people about sustainable use • Capacity enhancement • Communications • Public awareness 43
Item 5 – Applying the Principles Aligning the principles for action Policy Related 44 No Principle 1 Provide a legal/policy framework 2 Delegate responsibility and accountability 3 Remove perverse incentives 7 Link jurisdictional authority to scale of use 8 Where needed, promote international cooperation Support/Service Related Management Related No Principle 6 Promote/support interdisciplinary research 10 Economic valuation 14 Provide education on sustainable use No Principle 4 Use adaptive management 5 Minimize impact on the ecosystem 9 Take an interdisciplinary approach 11 Minimize waste 12 Distribute benefits equitably
Item 5 – Applying the Principles Regional Case Studies • The case of mezcales and corn – Jorge Larson Guerra, Mexico • Agricultural biodiversity irradiation centers – Rubens Onofre Nodari, Brazil • Conservation of two Bahamian hot pepper varieties – Kenneth Richardson, Bahamas • Sustainable use case policy on Cassava: Manihot eculenta – Rufus Leandre, St Lucia 45
Item 5 – Applying the Principles Sequence of management planning steps 46
Que incluye la Biodiversidad Agrícola: *Extraido de: The Scope of Agricultural Biodiversity, Appendix, CBDDecision V/5 Agricultural Biological Diversity (www. biodiv. org/decisions/dec=V/5) A. Recursos Genéticos para alimentos y agricultura: Estos constituyen las unidades principales de producción en agricultura, incluyendo especies cultivadas, especies domesticadas y plantas y animales silvestres manejados, así como los parientes silvestres de las especies cultivadas y domesticadas, - • • 47 Recursos genéticos vegetales cultivados y : • Pasturas y especies de pastizales naturales • Recursos genéticos de árboles que son una parte integral de los sistemas agrícolas Recursos genéticos animales domésticos y silvestres en general: • y recursos genéticos de peces, en casos en que la producción de peces es parte del sistema productivo • Recursos genéticos de insectos {invertebrados} Recursos genéticos de microbios y hongos
B. Componentes de la diversidad agrícola que brinda servicios ecológicos tales como: • • Regulación de Plagas y Enfermedades {mantenimiento de relaciones entre presas y predadores, reguladores de poblaciones, sp. saneadoras del ambiente, etc. } • Polinización (tanto de especies cultivadas como silvestres) {invertebrados, aves, mamiferos} • Mantenimiento y mejoramiento de la fauna silvestre local y los hábitat en sus paisajes • Mantenimiento de los ciclos hidrológicos {coberturas vegetales y forestales} • Control de la Erosión {cobertura y manejo correcto del suelo y la agricultura}, • 48 Ciclado de nutrientes, descomposición de la materia orgánica, y mantenimiento de la fertilidad del suelo Regulación del clima y del secuestro de carbono {forestacion, uso y manejo del suelo con siembra directa, conservación de bordes, etc}
C. Factores Abióticos, que tienen un efecto determinante sobre los aspectos de la biodiversidad agrícola {conservación de la calidad del agua, el aire} D. Dimesiones socio-económicas y culturales, dado que la biodiversidad agrícola está moldeada en gran parte por las actividades humanas y las prácticas de manejo. Estas incluyen: • Conocimiento tradicional y local de la biodiversidad agrícola, factores culturales y procesos participativos. • Turismo asociado con los paisajes agrícolas • Otros factores socio-económicos 49
Principales amenazas para el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad agrícola • • • 50 Simplificación de ecosistemas y paisajes por deforestación, intensificación y reemplazo de ambientes debida a la extensificación agrícola, particularmente basada en monocultivos. Erosión genética de especies vegetales, animales, y microorganismos por sobre-uso o alteración de la funcionalidad de los ecosistemas bajo usos productivos. Pérdida de interacciones entre organismos lo que afecta procesos biológicos vitales para el funcionamiento del ecosistema, la dinámica de las poblaciones (tanto de planta-planta, plantas-microorganismos, plantas-animales, animales-ecosistema, ecosistema-microorganismos, etc. ), así como los potenciales bienes y servicios para la producción agropecuaria y el bienestar humano. Contaminación de suelos, agua, y aire por agroquímicos o residuos ganaderos Intoxicación y mortandad de especies (plantas y animales) por usos y malos usos de agroquímicos. Pérdida de hábitat para la diversidad de organismos que habitan los agroecosistemas Erosión de suelos y cambios en condiciones físico-quimico y biológicas que pueden alterar su resistencia y resiliencia. Cambio climático Erosion cultural por perdida de conocimiento ancestral …. otras?
Objetivos del Programa de Trabajo para la Biodiversidad Agrícola del CDB http: //www. biodiv. org/programmes/areas/agro/programme. asp • Promover los efectos positivos y mitigar los impactos negativos de las practicas agrícolas sobre la diversidad biológica en los agroecosistemas y su interfase con otros ecosistemas. • Promover la conservación y el uso sustentable de los recursos genéticos de valor actual y potencial para la alimentación y la agricultura, y • Promover la distribución justa y equitativa de los beneficios derivados del uso de los recursos genéticos. Implementación se hará siguiendo el abordaje ecosistémico. 51
Programa de trabajo para la biodiversidad agrícola del CDB http: //www. biodiv. org/programmes/areas/agro/programme. asp • • Manejo Adaptativo: Identificación y promoción de prácticas de manejo adaptativo, tecnologías y políticas relacionadas y medidas de incentivos, para promover impactos positivos y mitigar los negativos de la agricultura sobre la biodiversidad, y mejorar productividad y capacidad para sostener actividades, expandiendo el conocimiento, entendiendo y alertando sobre los múltiples bienes y servicios brindados por los diferentes niveles y funciones de la biodiversidad agrícola. • Creación de Capacidades: Promoción de la participación y fortalecimiento de capacidades de los productores y otros actores en el manejo sostenible de la biodiversidad agrícola, incrementar sus beneficios y promover acciones responsables. • 52 Evaluación: evaluaciones a nivel de los países, sobre el estado y tendencias de la biodiversidad agrícola, sus causas y el conocimiento para su manejo. Mainstreaming (Promoción/Priorización): Apoyo al desarrollo de planes nacionales o estrategias para la conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad agrícola y promover su promoción e integración en programas y planes de acción sectoriales coordinados e integrados.
Otros temas transversales abordados por el Programa de trabajo para la biodiversidad agrícola del CDB http: //www. biodiv. org/programmes/areas/agro/programme. asp • Tecnologías de restricciones de uso genético (GURTs) • Iniciativa Internacional para la conservación y uso sostenible de los polinizadores. 53
Item 5 – Applying the Principles of the Ecosystem Approach Ecological/Biological Principles [Ecosystem managers should] Consider the effects (actual or potential) of management activities on adjacent and other ecosystems (3). Social Principles Policy Principles [Government policies should ensure that] Objectives of management of land, water and living resources [can] be established as a matter of choice (1). Conservation of ecosystem structure and functions should be a priority to maintain ecosystem services (5). Management should be decentralised to the lowest appropriate level (2). Policies, related to management of ecosystems should be structured to: (a)Reduce market distortions that adversely affect biological diversity; (b)Align incentives to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use; and (c)Internalise costs and benefits in the given ecosystem to the extent feasible (4). Ecosystems must be managed within their functioning limits of (6). The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines (12). Management should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales (7). Management objectives should be set for the long-term to account for lag-effects that characterise ecosystem processes (8). 54 Management must recognise that change is inevitable (9). Management should take into account all forms of relevant information, including scientific, indigenous and local knowledge, and technological innovations and practices (11). Policies promoting the principles of the ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity (10).
Item 5 – Applying the Principles • Applying the principles of the Ecosystem Approach Focus on functional Relationships & processes Functional limits Ecosystem lag effect Effects of Management Structure and function Ecological Manage at the appropriate scale Enhanced benefit Sharing balance conservation and use Objectives are set by choice Use adaptive management Manage for change Involve all relevant sectors Rely on all relevant information Decentralise management Management at appropriate spatial and temporal scales Policies reduce market distortions, align incentives and internalise costs and benefits Policy 55 Management promotes Inter-sectoral cooperation Social
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Interrelationships between ecosystem services and human well being 56
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Ecosystem values and valuation 57
Item 6 – Ecosystem Services Assessment Valuation tools • Revealed preference tools • • • Stated preference tools • • • 58 Change in productivity Cost-based approaches Hedonic pricing Travel-cost method Contingent valuation Contingent ranking Benefits transfer
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Example: Benefits flows from selected countries Source: MA 59
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Global status of ecosystem services 60
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Regional Case Studies • Proyecto Nacional de Gestión Ambiental MARN/BM/GEF – Ernesto Lopez Zepeda, El Salvador • La biodiversidad, sus bienes y servicios ambientales en ecosistemas sometidos a producciones mixtas de la Pampa Deprimida - Nestor Maceira, Argentina • Uso, valoracíon y promocíon de plantas medicinales, una estrategia nacional – José Antonio Gómez, Colombia • 61 Resultados de la Valoración Económica de los Recursos Naturales de Parque Nacional Coiba; Método de Transferencia de Beneficios – Eustorgio Jaen Nunez, Panama
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Resources on ecosystem services valuation: • Universities of Maryland Rhode Island: www. ecosystemvaluation. org • Training guide on valuation for NBSAPs (UNEP/IUCN): www. biodiversityeconomics. org/valuation/topics-612 -00. htm • IUCN guidelines for protected area managers on the economic values of protected areas: www. biodiversityeconomics. org/valuation/topics-34 -00. htm 62
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Resources continued: • Ramsar guide for policy makers and planners on the economic valuation wetlands: www. ramsar. org/lib_valuation_e. htm • World Bank/Nature Conservancy/IUCN report on valuation: www. worldbank. org • OECD Handbook of biodiversity valuation www. oecd. org 63
Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Discussion points • Impact of sustainable use and nonsustainable use on livelihoods and ecosystem goods and services • • 64 Socio-economic factors that influence patterns and intensity of use Economic and social values of ecosystem goods and services
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits 65
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Example: cost of conservation • Direct cost: park management, tourism infrastructure and management • Indirect costs: damages outside protected areas by wildlife • 66 Opportunity cost: land development
Item 7 – Financial costs and benefits Costs of conservation through parks (Cape Floristic Region, South Africa) Sources: Frazee (2001), Krug (2001) 67
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Who bears the costs? Costs Direct Local ( ) Indirect • crop `damage • livestock loss Land Acquisition 68 Opportunity ( ) National Global
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Who receives the benefits? Ecosystem Values Direct use values Local Level National Level Global Level Indirect use values: • watershed protection • erosion & flood control ( ) • cleansing of air & water ( ) • carbon fixing ( ) • biological diversity Option values Existence values 69
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Disparity between private and social costs and benefits Perspecti ve Basis for Calculation Private Benefits of C/SU less Costs of C/SU Costs of Dev < Benefits of Dev less Society Benefits of C/SU less Costs of C/SU Costs of Dev > Benefits of Dev less Individual land users often fail to capture the social benefits of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. 70
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Responses: • Demonstrate value in accordance with TEV: identify all benefits, undertake valuation • Use capture mechanisms (incentive measures), for instance: • Park entry fees • Payments for environmental services • Markets for biodiversity goods and services 71
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Discussion: • Types of costs and benefits of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity • • 72 Role of financial costs and benefits Distributional effects and their implications
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Regional Case Studies • Impacto de los agentes de biocontrol sobre las comunidades microbianas – Laura Gassoni, Argentina • Programa del Lagarto y conservación – Mario Baudoin, Bolivia • Los efectos sociales de los cambios en la agricultura - Carlos Reboratti, Argentina • Uso sostenible de recursos zoogenèticos: el caso de las cabras y vicuñas – Carlos Mezzadra, Argentina 73
Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits Regional Case Studies • Los subsidios agricolas y su impacto sobre la sustentabilidad de la producción agropecuaria de Argentina – Alejandra Sarquis, Argentina 74
Item 8 – Assessment of the Workshop • Working groups - Questions • Feedback 75
Item 8 – Assessment of the Workshop Development of key recommendations to SBSTTA concerning : • Applicability of AA principles to agricultural biodiversity • Assessment of Ecosystem Services • Financial costs and benefits associated with conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity 76
Item 9 – Other matters ? 77
Item 10 – Adoption of workshop report • Key conclusions and recommendations 78
Item 11 – Closure of the workshop • Closing remarks • Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA) • Government of Argentina • Technical support team • CBD Secretariat • Farewells 79
Thank you! WWW. BIODIV. ORG 80
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