Landscape scale assessment of nitrogen interactions Pierre CELLIER

Landscape scale assessment of nitrogen interactions Pierre CELLIER, Albert BLEEKER, Eva BØGH, Lutz BREUER, Nicolas BRUEGGEMANN, Tommy DALGAARD, Ulrike DRAGOSITS, Jean-Louis DROUET, Patrick DURAND, Enzo MAGLIULO, Jørgen OLESEN Lech RYSZKOWSKI, Mark THEOBALD, Mark SUTTON INRA (F), ECN (NL), Univ. Roskilde (DK), Univ. Giessen (D), IMK-IFU (D), DIAS (DK), CEH (UK), RCAFE (PL) Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

How can be seen a landscape with a nitrogen perspective? A patchwork of sources and sinks of N in the natural (fields, forests, natural ecosystems) and « man-made » environments (building, villages, roads) (both largely determined by human activities in the past and present) with a significant fraction of sources and sinks managed by man and possible mitigation on both. Special focus on rural landscapes where large amounts of N are manipulated agricultural areas with livestock, pigs, poultry, … What are the interactions between these sources and sinks, and the consequences on N 2 O fluxes? Courtesy J. E. Olesen ? ? Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

What happens to reactive nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere and the soil in such areas? Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Local recapture of ammonia by tree-belts close to a source B. Loubet et al. (collab INRA / CEH) 10 z (m) Using a lagrangian-stochastic model (MODDAS-2 D, Loubet et al. , 2006) to estimate NH 3 deposition and concentration field close to a source (animal housing) surrounded 0 by a tree belt of different widths 10 L = 15 m 0 10 Tree Belt z (m) Animal housing L z (m) 0 0 0 L = 30 m z (m) 10 2. 1% x (m) 70 4. 6% L = 70 m 7. 1% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x (m) Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Ammonia deposition can induce large input to neighbour ecosystems NORTH 100 Deposition Kg N ha-1 y-1 20 FARM 160 -200 40 WEST 200 -240 120 -160 80 -120 0 -20 40 -80 EAST 60 240 -280 Distance to the farm (m) 80 -40 Distance to the farm (m) from Fowler et al. (1998) SOUTH 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 0 -40 -60 from Fowler et al. (1998) are there N 2 O emissions induced by these hot-spots of NH 3 deposition? Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Atmospheric deposition from « source » to « sink » fields 8 wind 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 S 3 1 2 3 4 5 S 1 6 7 Deposition = 6. 4% of the emissions 8 8 7 wind 6 5 4 3 2 1 S 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 S 1 6 7 Deposition = 3. 4% of the emissions 8 8 7 wind 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 S 3 2 3 4 5 6 S 1 7 Deposition = 8. 2% of the emissions 8 Bare soil where slurry has been applied large ammonia emission Grassland with LAI = 2 Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Nitrate transfer and N 2 O emissions at catchment scale in shallow groundwater systems N 2 O emission Nitrate leaching Denitrification Nitrate transfer Nitrate recapture by crops Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Consequence of hydrological transfer on N 2 O emission at catchment scale Soil-groundwater interaction zone Distributed denitrification TNT 2 Model Distributed N concentration in groundwater from Patrick Durand, INRA Rennes Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Transfer of nitrogen by the atmosphere and the hydrology can create delocalized hot-spots of N 2 O emission (indirect emission) at local scale, and modify the GHG balance at landscape scale. This is sensitive to the arrangement of landscape elements (farm, vegetation, humid zones, …) Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Atmospheric N 2 fixed to reactive nitrogen (NR) NR Fertilizer manufacture Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH 4 NO 3) Ammonia (NH 3) NR Further emission of NOx & N 2 O carrying on the cascade Crops for food & animal feed The Nitrogen Cascade Livestock farming Natural ecosystems Leached Nitrate (NO 3 -) Nitrate in streamwaters Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Accounting for the farm dimension allows to ensure … • • Accounting of all emissions (housing, field work, transport, indirect, …) N and C flows consistency N/C allocation to fields (amount+timing) Estimate at farm scale (see e. g. Green. Grass results) … Link with management Link with mitigation options Moreover, the farm is a part of the landscape Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Nitrogen flows on a mixed cattle farm (FASSET model, DIAS, DK) Manure store 10 94 N 2 NH 3 59 11(+11) <1 N 2 O Animals 129 6 2 105 Soil 76 39 Crop Above-ground Below-ground 85 116 13 <1 104 238 64 51 74 Import of feed+straw Sale of milk+meat Sale of plant prod. Import of fertiliser 76 NO 3 Nitrous oxide emissions: 7933 kg CO 2 -eq/ha/yr Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Two examples of output from a farm model Emissions per kg milk produced Emissions per component Animal Prechain House Manure Field Integrate all components at farm scale Allows to compare farming system on farm scale basis (FASSET model, DIAS, DK) Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Organization of farm activity in space: example of an INRA experimental farm Heifers Dairy cows Hay night pasture from Jean-Louis FIORELLI INRA Mirecourt FARM Calves Heifers Steers Heifers Hay + slurry/manure management + hay / silage management Dairy cows day pasture grassland cropland Calves N used at farm scale is not disposed randomly nor uniformly to land need to consider spatial interactions Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

A ± common scale to all « processes » 1 km 100 m – 1 km typical scale of 100 -101 km² Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Need for a coupled model The biophysical model (ecosystem/atmosphere /hydrology) needs a farm model to • allocate N and C to field • ensure consistency at farm/regional scale • link with decision making The farm model needs a biophysical model to • improve emission estimates at field • account for the characteristics of the environment Need decision rules to allocate N in space Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

The landscape scale in Nitro. Europe: development of the Nitro. Scape model Landscape database Choosing the relevant models : GIS • atmospheric • hydrological • ecosystem • farm (in a consistent way) Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Concepts of model linking Database (input data) Model A Model C = A+B Model C Wrapper Calls models & database, Provides input from & collects output to DB at iterations Database (input data) Model A Model B Re-coding Model A Linked models (1) Model C Database (input data) Model B Linked models (2) (Open. MI, Palm, MCT, …) Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

NEU-C 4 : establishing a network of landscape sites Leadburn Bjerringbro Turew Vel Vanla Naizin Piana del Sele - Different climatic conditions - Different farming systems - High N inputs but ≠ levels - Mixing of fields/farms and natural ecosystems deposition - Landscape size : ≈ 5 km x 5 km - Local involvement of farmers Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006

Summary: landscape scale analysis must be made in the context of nitrogen research because: • Complexity of the environment and possible interactions between, physical, biological and human « environments » • Scale of management/decision making, of application for abatement options • Need for understanding basic processes and interactions at this scale and interactions between natural environment and processes and decision-making • Help to account for the environment in N management and mitigation options • Helpfull to upscale from farm/field emission to regional scale, and make balances at landscape and farm scale Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14 th-17 th November 2006