LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED The Role of the IAEA

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED The Role of the IAEA Safeguards Inspector ORNL Global Nuclear Security Technology Division Nuclear Nonproliferation Summer Seminar Series Brian D. Boyer Nonproliferation Team Leader/ Project Leader International Safeguards Los Alamos National Laboratory Nuclear Nonproliferation Division July 21 2009 UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 1

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) • Negotiations Concluded in 1968 • Entered into Force in 1970 • 189 States Including 5 Declared Nuclear Weapon States (USA, Russia, U. K. , France, China) plus Taiwan (China) * DPRK signed but withdrew • INFCIRC/153 agreements / Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA) • Trust but verify! UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 2

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED INFCIRC 153 (Corr. ) Para. 28: The Safeguards Technical Objective The Key Goal of the Safeguards Inspector Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA) “Traditional Safeguards” INFCIRC/153 (Corr. ) Para. 28: The Safeguards Technical Objective … the objective of safeguards is the timely detection of diversion of significant quantities of nuclear material from peaceful nuclear activities to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or of other nuclear explosive devices or for purposes unknown, and deterrence of such diversion by the risk of early detection… The Inspector is the person in charge on making this happen: • Timeliness • Significant Quantities • Deterrence by Risk of Early Detection UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 3

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED The Inspector’s Journey - Day One ARRIVAL IN VIENNA Flughafen Wien (June 2006) Flughafen Wien - VIE The Safeguards Inspector’s Future Home Away From Home Personal Data…. 139 days spent here in 5 years for duty travel UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 4

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED IAEA Headquarters-Vienna Learning the Ropes of the Agency and Wien UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 5

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED ICAS - Introductory Course on Agency Safeguards 39 th ICAS (Spring 1997) - Rear- Araujo (Brazil), Yanez Carrera (Cuba), Derrough ( Ayers (USA), Ajjeh (Jordan), Pellechi (USA) Front - Alexandrian (Armenia), Tsvetkov (Belarus), Boyer (USA), Ochiai (Japan) UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 6

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED ICAS Provides the Inspector His Roles for the Novice SG Inspector } 1. Introduction to IAEA Safeguards 2. Nuclear Material Accountancy 3. Inspections of Item Facilities 4. Inspection Documentation Package 5. Containment and Surveillance 6. Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) 7. Inspections of Bulk-Handling Facilities 8. Administrative Matters The Accountant Inspector FIELD EXERCISE Comprehensive Inspection Exercise Training – CIET The Investigative Inspector } Since 1997 The Additional Protocol – INFCIRC/540 (Corr. ) UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 7

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Introduction to IAEA Safeguards • The safeguards system – – – • • • Significant Quantity Timeliness Material Goals Safeguards approaches Safeguards criteria Inspector activities – Initial inspection – Ad Hoc inspection – Routine inspection Special inspection – • • SAFEGUARDS APPROACH FOR LWR Legal aspects Strengthened Safeguards System UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 8

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED “Material and Timeliness Goals” Guidance to IAEA Graded Safeguards Material Goals Probability of Detection Random Low (20%) Random Medium (50%) Timeliness Goals Random High (90%) UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 9

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Nuclear Material Accountancy • Concepts of accountancy – – Declarations – basis of everything The principle of independent verification Ø • Started as a marriage of principles and practices borrowed from § Property accounting The Inspector Doing his Accountancy § Statistical quality control § Financial accounts auditing Code 10 Reporting - drudgery – – – PIL = Physical Inventory Listing ICR = Inventory Change Report MBR = Material Balance Report Karl-Heinz Czock In memoriam to a good friend d. 27. 09. 2008 UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 10

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Inspections of Item Facilities • Reactors – inspectors spend lots of time at reactors – Light Water Reactors (LWRs)LWR Spent Fuel Safeguards Ø – On-Load Reactors (OLRs) Ø Ø – PWR, BWR, VVER CANDU RBMK (Ignalina, Chernobyl) Other Types of Reactors Ø Ø Ø Fast Breeder PBMR GEN IV concepts Boyer (SGOC) and Akilimali (SGOA) at CLAB (Sweden)-ICVD Training 1999 Research Reactors and Critical Assemblies (RRCAs) Storage facilities – Spent Fuel storage (AFRS) – • LWR Fresh Fuel – Item Form UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 11

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Inspection Documentation Package • The IDP – documentation – • Verification methods – • PIL, ICR, MBR – declarations must be verified CIR - Computerized Inspection Report – – • Details! The Inspector Doing Verification The Logsheet Statement on Inspection Results - 90 a Statement on Conclusions - 90 b Statement Safeguards Implementation Report (SIR) Statistics – – MUF = PB + R – S – PE Random sampling concepts UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 12 Statistical Sampling of FF Population

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Containment and Surveillance Complementary Measures to MC&A • Maintain “Continuity of Knowledge” (Co. K) – Use Containment – Use Surveillance UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 13

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Non Destructive Assay (NDA) • Agency must verify State’s declaration • NDA - Means of material verification – Radiation signals ØGamma Rays Ø Neutrons – Materials of interest ØU Ø Pu Gamma Rays Ge detector (U or Pu) • Sampling plans – Random basis with Detection Probability – Random Low (RL) = 20% – Random Medium (RM) = 50% – Random High (RH) = 90% • Three levels of defects to detect: – Gross defect – Partial defect – Bias defect UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 14 Neutrons HLNC (Pu)

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Inspections of Bulk Handling Facilities • Bulk Handling Facilities – Categories – – • Material in bulk – – • Natural and LEU Conversion and Fuel Fab Plants Fabrication Plants Handling Direct-Use Material Reprocessing Plants Gamma Ray Measurement of UF 6 Cylinder Enrichment Plants More challenging inspection regime More effort for IAEA MUF = PB + R – S – PE ≠ 0 UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 15 UF 6 – Bulk Form

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Administrative Matters • Travel – – • Occupational health and safety SGOA Director – D. Perricos (Greece) SGOB Director – D. Schriefer (Germany) – – – • Designation for country Laissez-Passer Visas Travel procedures Radiation worker qualification and rad limits Medical certificate – needed for travel Ø Physicals Ø Whole Body Counting Ø Urinalysis – for radiation exposure Dosimetry 39 ICAS Being Briefed by Directors on… th The Life of an Inspector – May 1997 Security of safeguards information UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 16

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Key to Transparency and Trust Safeguards Confidential = Protection of Information • What Needs to be Protected? – Design of a nuclear facility – Nuclear material information ØQuantity ØLocation ØComposition ØMovement of nuclear material – Safeguards approach or goals for a specific facility – Results of a specific inspection UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 17

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Comprehensive Inspection Exercise Training 39 th ICAS- June, 1997 - Loviisa, Finland - Twin VVER 440 reactors Exercise - Practice LWR Physical Inventory Verification (PIV) UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 18

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Strengthened Safeguards System Post 1991 Gulf War – SSS Inspection Role THE UPDATED OBJECTIVES “the safeguards system should be designed to provide credible assurances that there has been no diversion of declared nuclear material and that there is no undeclared nuclear material and activities (BOG, March 1995)” • Consequences – Additional Protocol / Complementary Access – Emphasis on information based safeguards – Increased transparency measures – The Investigative Inspector UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 19

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED The Inspector’s Key Role Access to Facilities – Travel and Inspections • Interim Inspections • Physical Inventory Verification • Design Information Verification • Random Inspections – LFUA – ELFUA – SNRI • AP Complementary Access • Special Inspections UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 20

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED IAEA Dept. of Safeguards Operational Divisions (Circa 1997) – Inspection Destinations Vienna (HQ) Toronto (SGOB) Tokyo (SGOA) UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 21

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Roles - IAEA Country Officer / Facility Officer B. Boyer Country Officer 2001 - Poland B. Boyer – SGOC 1. 2 Country Officer Facility Officer for all Polish Facilities Additional Protocol Activities State Level Issues of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Activities UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 22

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Personal Note: The Inspector’s Trail’s End Last Inspection December 2001 89 trips - 469 days in the field Co-ordinated 38 inspections FRANCE – Last Inspection Cape La Hague Next Stop BNL Received 5. 99 m. Sv radiation dose Approximately twice one year’s background Received a lifetime of education UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 23 Dec 2001

LA-UR-09 -04261 UNCLASSIFIED Auf Wiedersehen - February 2002 The Inspector – Int’l Civil Servant/Diplomat IAEA HQ - Vienna (Feb 2002) The best word to know in all languages: Danke, Dziękuję, Hvala, СПАСИБА, Merci, Dêkuji, Köszi, Dekui, Multumesc, Dank U, Kiitos, Grazie, Gracias, Blagodarya, Dakujem Thanks! UNCLASSIFIED Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA 24