La sostenibilità dei sistemi economici (Bruno Amoroso, Sapienza, Roma 2013) 1
Lezione 1 FENOMENI, PROCESSI E CONCETTI ECONOMIA COMUNITA’ MERCATI 2
PROGRAMMA DELLA LEZIONE n MODULO 1: concetti a) teorie tradizionali b) proposte alternative n MODULO 2: dinamica delle formazioni economico-sociali c) Marx d) Rostow 3
MODULO 1 a - CONCETTI n Approcci tradizionali all’economia: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Economia domestica (Aristotele) Economia politica (dal 1615 – Montchrétien) : stato e finanza Economia sociale (dal 1800 in Italia, Polonia e Germania) Economia nazionale (metà Ottocento in Germania) Economia (Alfred Marshall 1890 e neoclassici) Economia politica (dal 1900: marxisti, keynesiani e istituzionalisti) 4
MODULO 1 a - TEORIE 1. Microeconomia 2. Mesoeconomia ASSOCIAZIONI PARTITI SINDACATI solidarietà Legame sociale 2 FAMIGLIA 1 bisogni aspettative Rapporti affettivi VICINATO PERSONA ISTITUZIONI IMPRESE 5
Modulo 1 a - TEORIE 3. Macroeconomia sistemi e mercati nazionali n sistemi e economie mondo (mesoregioni) n sistemi e economia mondiale n 6
MODULO 1 a - TEORIE R&S PRODUZIONE FASE 1 FASE 2 ESPORTAZIONE FASE 3 7
MODULO 1 a - TEORIE Recenti approcci all’innovazione: 1. 2. 3. 4. Società post-industriale: innovazione di proces e innovazione di prodotto Innovazione di sistema e di rete Tecnologie multidimensionali Flessibilità 8
MODULO 1 a - TEORIE Il rapporto complesso tra innovazione e esportazione Fornitori esterni R & S Pubblica Matrice moltiplicatore Credito e finanza R&S PRODUZIONE Esportazione Univesità e Privata Qualificazioni Training, esperienze Licenze e brevetti Qualificazioni Moltiplicatore tecnologico 9
MODULO 1 b - TEORIE n Alternative all’economia: 1. Economia sociale (Caffè), Economia civile (Zamagni), Economia associativa (F. Archibugi), Economia di senso (Magnoni), Economia della felicità (Becchetti). Economia del Bene comune (Amoroso) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 10
MODULO 2 - DINAMICA DELLE FORMAZIONI ECONOMICO-SOCIALI Obiettivi, strumenti, e valori n Obiettivi e comunità: similarità e differenze n Il valore della diversità n Dinamica lineare o policentrica n Marx e Rostow: Il problema del dualismo nelle società n 11
MARX E LA DINAMICA DELLE FORMAZIONI ECONOMICOSOCIALI (Melotti) Comunità primitiva Mondo classico Mondo asiatico Comunità primitiva Mondo asiatico Mondo classico Mondo feudale Società borghese Società socialista 12
MODELLO DI ROSTOW: UN MANIFESTO ANTICOMUNISTA Società tradizionale Sottosviluppo: bassa tecnologia e produttività. Valori tradizionali Prima del decollo Effetto di dimostrazione /colonizzazione e intrusione culturale Decollo (take-off) Punto di inizio dello sviluppo. Ilmiracolo economico Stadio della mturità Lamodernizzazione dellasocietà e l’affermazione dell’homo oeconomicus Consumo di massa La produzione di massa (Fordismo) e consumo di massa 13
Nuova sintesi- la sostenibilità n MODO DI PRODUZIONE ISTITUZIONI FORME DI MERCATO Comunità originaria Comunità di famiglia e villaggio Locale Schiavitù mondo Asiatico tedesco classico Distretti di comunità Distetto Mondo feudale Autorità regionali Regionale Società borghese Stato-nazionale Nationale Società socialista Coop. mesoregionale Mercati regionalit CURRENT STAGE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES Capitalismo triadico Organizzazioni Transnationali Internazionali, Lobbies Mercato globale Organizzazioni meso-regionali E istituzioni nazionali Meso-regioni e Mercatomondiale POLYCENTRIC APPROACH Comunità/stato nazionale 14
F. Braudel: STORIA, MERCATO E CAPITALISMO La ”grande trasformazione” in Europa capitalismo mercato Vita materiale 15
Altre teorie: n n n n Dualismo (Myrdal, Fuà, Keynes, Kapp, Piore & Sabel) Dipendenza (Frank, Arrighi, ) Autosufficienza (Ghandi, Mao, Kim Il Sung) Delinking (Amin) Nuovo regionalismo Economie mondo (Braudel, Wallerstein) Policentrismo e meso-regioni(Amoroso) 16
Il Primo Diamante del Policentrismo TERRITORIO SISTEMI PRODUTTIVI ISTITUZIONI POPOLAZIONE 17
Il Secondo Diamante del Policentrismo POLITICHE DI USO SOSTENIBILE DEL TERRITORIO A LIVELLO LOCALE E REGIONALE COOPERAZIONE ORIZZONTALE TRA UTORITÁ PUBBLICHE ONG, UNIVERSITÁ SERVIZI E INFRASTRUTTURE RISTRUTTURAZIONE DEI SISTEMI EDUCATIVIVI 18
Il Mercato capitalistico e policentrismo ECONOMIA CAPITALISTA -Variabili indipendenti Sistemi produttivi POLICENTRISMO - Variabili indipendenti Bisogni - Capitale - Occupazione - Tecnologie - Sistemi di welfare - Migrationi - Risorse naturali - Variabli dipendenti Bisogni - Occupazione - Sistemi di welfare - Migrazioni - Risorse naturali - Variabili dipendenti Sistemi produttivi - Capitale - Tecnologie 19
Lecture 2. ECONOMIE MONDIALI E CAPITALISMO Strumenti teorici e processi reali La globalizzazione dell’economia e delle tecnologie 20
Processi d’internazionalizzione globalizzazione universalizzazione mondializzazione NORD xx-xxi sec. Internazionalizzazione (trend ottimale) xix-xx sec. imperialismo (trend reali) xvi-xx sec. xvi-xviii sec. colonialismo schiavitù mercantilismo SUD 21
GLOBALIZZAZIONE CAPITALISTICA 1970 - 2005 n Economia n Anni Settanta: DA: Fordismo & Corporativismo, A: Post-Fordismo & Specializzazione Flessibile n Anni Ottanta Monetarismo e Neo-liberismo ”Caduta del Muro” n Anni Novanta Società della conoscenza Apartheid Globale, Kyoto, etc. n Anni Duemila Geopolitica e Geoeconomia Statunitense n n Instituzioni Anni Settanta La crisi dello Stato del Benessere n Anni Ottanta Dalla Società del benessere (Welfare) alla Società del lavoro (Workfare) n Anni Novanta Capitalismo Triadico n Anni Duemila Dallo Stato del lavoro (Workfare) allo Stato di guerra Il risveglio dell’India (Cina e India) 22
The Triad Power n n n The Triad impact on: TNCs FDI WORLD TRADE GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT n n n S& T INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS REGIONAL INTEGRATION 23
Investimenti nella Triade European Union 5, 8 European Union 1, 3 18, 8 9, 6 0, 2 0, 9 4, 5 11, 1 3, 7 20, 2 Japan U. S. 0, 3 1982 -1985 0, 3 1990 -1992 In milliardi di USD 24
Dal dualismo alla marginalizzazione n Marginalizzazione è lanuova forma di discriminizzazione introdotta dal Capitalismo Triadico n DUALISMO = Dipendenza sociale e economica MARGINALIZzazione = Esclusione n n The countries that were reacting to this process by establishing antagonist economic and political centers were destabilized politically…for example Argentina and Brazil in the 1980 s, South Korea and Japan in the 1990 s, Yugoslavia and Iraq in the late 1990 s…and so on… 25
SISTEMI, AUTORI e ACTORS MODO DI PRODUZIONE SISTEMI DI PRODUZIO NE MERCATO GLOBA LIZZAZ IONE Capitalismo Triadico Società delle Reti e della conoscenza Globale 800 millioni di persone UNIVE RSALIZ ZAZIO NE Non- profit e cooperative Network, cooperative and international oriented Mondiale per 7 miliardi di persone MONDI ALIZZA ZIONE Mercati Locali, Nazionali e Meso. Regionali ; Economie miste e pianificate Meso. Regional, national and local INTER NATIO NALIZ ZAZIO NE Capitalismo e socialismo. Mercato, Economie miste e di Piano Nationale Regionale e Locale AUTORI ATTORI PRODOTTI WTO (OMC) WB (BM) IMF (FMI) Globali Standard Integrazione ONG, e movimenti della società civile Governi nazionali e UN, UNDP, UNICEF, UNESCO, ILO, etc. ) Diritti Internazionali e protezione delle minoranze Mercati Meso, nationale e locale Mesoregion aal, national and local institutions Multinational, national and local enterprises Standard Mesoregionali, nationali e regionali Nationale, Regionale e Locale Autorità Nationale, Regionale e Locale Nationali e PMI Standard Nationali e locali di protection Transanazio nali (TNCs) 26
GLOBALIZZAZIONE CAPITALISTICA 1970 - 2005 n Economia n Anni Settanta: DA: Fordismo & Corporativismo, A: Post-Fordismo & Specializzazione Flessibile n Anni Ottanta Monetarismo e Neo-liberismo ”Caduta del Muro” n Anni Novanta Società della conoscenza Apartheid Globale, Kyoto, etc. n Anni Duemila Geopolitica e Geoeconomia Statunitense n n Instituzioni Anni Settanta La crisi dello Stato del Benessere n Anni Ottanta Dalla Società del benessere (Welfare) alla Società del lavoro (Workfare) n Anni Novanta Capitalismo Triadico n Anni Duemila Dallo Stato del lavoro (Workfare) allo Stato di guerra Il risveglio dell’India (Cina e India) 27
Negli anni Ottanta la retorica della competitività tra Stati Uniti, Un U Europea e Giappone si afferma n Scienza, tecnologia e istruzione sono subordinate agli obiettivi della competizione. n Gli SU costruiscono l’dea del Made in America su high-tech e conoscenza (la Società della conoscenza) n L’UE insegue questa strategia e formalizza gli obiettivi della competitività, tecnologia e societàdella conoscenza nei suoi Trattati (Lisbona, ecc. ) n Il. Giappone investe per divenire la prima società dell’informazione nelmondo. 28
A MARKET SATURATION Strategies to overcome it C B WINNING GREATER SHARES IN EXISTING MARKETS -Reduce prices -Improve quality -Increase variety -Enhance flexibility INCREASED R&D COSTS FOR INNOVATION AND GROWING DEPENDANCE OF FINANCE ENHANCED COMPETITIVENESS AMONG USA, EUROPE and JAPAN TERRITORIAL RELOCATION SUBSTITUTION OF EXISTING PROCESSES, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (Rationalisation, unemployment) PRIVATISING PUBLIC SECTOR MOVING TO FOREIGN EMERGING MARKETS INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND HYBRIDATION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION to From A, B, C IMPROVING TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN -Information and Communication Technology -Transport Technology -Energy Technology PRESSURE IN FAVOUR OF - GLOBAL MARKET - LIBERALIZATION - ECONOMY DEREGULATION - ALL SECTORS PRIVATISATION GLOBALIZATION OF FINANCE AND CAPITAL MARKETS FINANCE OVER POLITICS SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN PRODUCTIVITY GAINS REDISTRIBUTION: - Less income to workers & employees - Less fiscal revenues to the state -More dividends to shareholders - More investments in innovation and financial capital GROWING STRATEGIC ALLIANCES IN R&D AND TECHNOLOGY PRESSURE FOR SHORT TERM HIGH CAPITAL PROFITABILITY The role of technological innovation in a global market capitalism driven society. The years 1970 -1998 29
La logica della sostituzione In una economia della sopravvivenza le imprese devono competere sugli stessi prodotti e servizi nello stesso mercato: 1) Sui PREZZI (tecnologia per ridurre i costi) 2) Sulla QUALITA’ (technologie per aumento della produttività) 3) Sulla VARIETA’ (technologie per la diversificazione dei prodotti) 4) Sulla FLESSIBILITA’ (technologie per migliorare la gestione della produzione edei servizi) 30
La logica dell’espropriazione: sostituisce la logica del profitto con quella della “rendita” (finanza) e delle “tangenti” (copyright) n Espropriazione della conoscenza e delle risorse (biopiracy) brevettando ad esempio le biodiversità… n Durante migliaia di anni latribu africana dei San si è alimentata e dissetata mediante l’uso del catus Hoodia che aveva laproprietàdi ridurre ilbisogno di mangiare e di bere. Ma nel 1998 il Consiglio Scientifico del Sud Africa, seguito nel 2002 dalla Gran Bretagna, hanno brevettato il P 37, una sostanza contenuta nell’Hoodia, che elimina l’appetito. utilizzandola per la cura dell’obesità. Il brevetto è stato rivenduto alla società farmaceutica statunitense per la produzione di pillole. n In questo scambio di affari le società dimenticarono di informare le tribu’ africane che stavano brevettando e rivendendo conoscenze da queste scoperte e praticate da millenni. n Dopo una dura lotta di decenni I San ricevono oggi meno dello 0. 003% - della vendita netta di questi prodotti. . 31
Pochi grandi corporazioni dell’Occidente hanno oggi il monopolio sullo fruttamento di questi prodotti: n n n Monsanto Novartis Merckx Glaxo Shell Philip Morris, etc. Ricercano e sfruttano la maggior parte della biomassa esistente nel mondo (il 92% della quale nei paesi del Sud) 32
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Access… 35
Access/or influence 36
RICERCA DELLE ALTERNATIVE Sostituire il principio di sostituzione ed espropriazione con quelli di: n Co-esistenza: accesso alle comuni infrastrutture fisiche e sociali. (rispetto della diversità) n Co-sviluppo: condividere i comuni obiettivi dello sviluppo senzamettere a rischio gli obiettivi di altri gruppi sociali (ridurre le spese militari) n Co-determinatione: participazione nella scelta delle priorità e nell’uso delle risorse esistenti rispettando il diritto alla sovranità delle comunità (paesi). Promozione del dialogo dialogico tra comunità e paesi rinunciando a forme di imposizione diretta omediata comenelcaso della governance o dei richiami al “diritto internazionale”. 37
The aim of lecture 5 is: n To understand the historical transformation of the capitalist enterprise n To understand the role of the transnational corporations in the global economy 38
Stage 1: firm at local level MANAGEMENT R&D PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION FINANCE Every function is internalized 39
THE LOCAL FIRM IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The local enterprise is part and belongs to the local production system, it uses: n n local resources local customs and rules and it is concerned with the satisfaction of local needs The artisan is the central figure It is‘between formal and informal sector ’ the n Formal: the market - commercialized relations - hired labor n Informal: the family - the exchange of services - uncompensated labor n Areas in which there has been the concentration of this type of productive fabric has been lately called INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS 40
Stage 2: firm at national and international level MANAGEMENT R&D PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION FINANCE These functions are externalized 41
THE NATIONAL CAPITALIST FIRM n n n n Change to its advantage the market’s rules, the commoditization of the relations governing output, the fulfillment of needs through consumption The internal division of labor increases The capitalist entrepreneur is the central figure THE NATIONAL CAPITALIST FIRM is the result of the formation of the national markets Split between community life and production system The national market very different from the local market is There is the invasion of local markets by firms that are both internal and external to them Enhanced competition changes the structure of the political powers 42
FROM NATIONAL TO INTERNATIONAL n Competition produces an homologation of the local communities embodied in the national market to the economic, political and cultural principles held to be advanced and coincident with the dominant companies (cultural hegemony – A. Gramsci) n The enlargement of the activities of the firm will create new forms of monopoly, industrial alliances and political privileges, limiting competition n The enlargement of the activities brings also to a surplus that is exported: the firm internationalizes 43
What is a Multinational Firm ? According to Buckley and Casson (1976, 1991): An MNE may be defined as an enterprise which owns and controls activities in different countries or is an enterprise which owns and controls assets in more than one country (Casson 1979) or, according to Caves (1982) a firm with at least one production subsidiary abroad. The origin of the firm is still distinguishable by its national origins. But, production systems and local markets are further separated and raw material sources and sales outlets are fragmented Implications for: n The PLANNING of the national economy n The POLITICAL control on production n The reduction of the role of TRADE UNIONS 44
Stage 3: Livello transnazionale MANAGEMENT R&D PRODUZIONE DISTRIBUZIONE externalizzata FINANZA Si verifica la definitiva separazione tra territorio, sistema produttivo, instituzioni e popolazione 45
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The Rise of Corporate Global Power n Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries (based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs). n The Top 200 corporations' sales are growing at a faster rate than overall global economic activity. Between 1983 and 1999, their combined sales grew from the equivalent of 25. 0 percent to 27. 5 percent of World GDP. n The Top 200 corporations' combined sales are bigger than the combined economies of all countries minus the biggest 10. n The Top 200 s' combined sales are 18 times the size of the combined annual income of the 1. 2 billion people (24 percent of the total world population) living in ''severe'' poverty (less than 1 USD/day). n While the sales of the Top 200 are the equivalent of 27. 5 percent of world economic activity, they employ only 0. 78 percent of the world's workforce. n Between 1983 and 1999, the profits of the Top 200 firms grew 362. 4 percent, while the number of people they employ grew by only 14. 4 percent. 49
The Rise of Corporate Global Power n A full 5 percent of the Top 200 s' corporations combined workforce is employed by Wal-Mart, a company notorious for union-busting and widespread use of part-time workers to avoid paying benefits. n The discount retail giant is the top private employer in the world, with 1, 140, 000 workers, more than twice as many as No. 2, Daimler. Chrysler, which employs 466, 938. n U. S. corporations dominate the Top 200, with 82 slots (41 percent of the total). Japanese firms are second, with only 41 slots. n Of the U. S. corporations on the list, 44 did not pay the full standard 35 percent federal corporate tax rate during the period 1996 -1998. n Seven of the firms actually paid less than zero in federal income taxes in 1998 (because of rebates). These include: Texaco, Chevron, Pepsi. Co, Enron, Worldcom, Mc. Kesson and the world's biggest corporation General Motors. n Between 1983 and 1999, the share of total sales of the Top 200 made up by service sector corporations increased from 33. 8 percent to 46. 7 percent. Gains were particularly evident in financial services and telecommunications sectors, in which most countries have pursued deregulation. 50
How does the modern transnational enterprises operate? 1. De-localization -through foreign direct investments; 2. De-centralization -through international networks of production- which are not necessarily in a foreign country. 51
Example of Nike Shoe Company n n n n Nike employs approximately 23, 000 people worldwide There approximately 12, 000 Nike employees in the United States There approximately 109 apparel contract factories and 12 equipment contract factories in the U. S. , providing more than 13, 000 jobs to local communities. In FY'01, approximately 14% of Nike apparel (shoe) was made in the U. S. The remainder is manufactured by independent contractors located in 33 countries Revenue FY'03: Nike reported revenues of $10. 7 billion (10 times the GDP of Mongolia) Including manufacturers, shippers, retailers and service providers, nearly one million people help bring Nike to athletes everywhere Some 40% of all Nike shoes are made in China Nike has 59 factory suppliers in China 52
Example of Wal-Mart n $220 billion a year (more in revenues than the entire GDP of Israel and Ireland combined). n The owner S. Robson Walton is ranked by London’s "Rich List 2001" as the wealthiest human on the planet, having sacked up more than $65 billion (£ 45. 3 billion) in personal wealth and topping Bill Gates as No. 1. n Seventy-one percent of the toys sold in the U. S. come from China, and Wal-Mart now sells one out of five of the toys we buy. n The National Labor Ccommittee interviewed workers in China’s Guangdong Province who toil in factories making popular action figures, dolls, and other toys sold at Wal. Mart. n In "Toys of Misery, " a shocking 58 -page report that the establishment media ignored, NLC describes: 13 - to 16 -hour days molding, assembling, and spray-painting toys— 8 a. m. to 9 p. m. or even midnight, seven days a week, with 20 -hour shifts in peak season. 53
n Even though China’s minimum wage is 31 cents an hour—which doesn’t begin to cover a person’s basic subsistence-level needs—these production workers are paid 13 cents an hour. n Workers typically live in squatter shacks, seven feet by seven feet, or jammed in company dorms, with more than a dozen sharing a cubicle costing $1. 95 a week for rent. They pay about $5. 50 a week for lousy food. They also must pay for their own medical treatment and are fired if they are too ill to work. n The work is literally sickening, since there’s no health and safety enforcement. Workers have constant headaches and nausea from paint-dust hanging in the air; the indoor temperature tops 100 degrees; protective clothing is a joke; repetitive stress disorders are rampant; and there’s no training on the health hazards of handling the plastics, glue, paint thinners, and other solvents in which these workers are immersed every day. 54
Wal-Mart continue… n More than 65, 000 companies supply the retailer with the stuff on its shelves, and it constantly hammers each supplier about cutting their production costs deeper and deeper in order to get cheaper wholesale prices n Behind this manufactured cheerfulness, however, is the fact that the average employee makes only $15, 000 a year for full-time work. Most are denied even this poverty income, for they’re held to part-time work. While the company brags that 70% of its workers are full-time, at Wal-Mart "full time" is 28 hours a week, meaning they gross less than $11, 000 a year. n Health-care benefits? Only if you’ve been there two years; then the plan hits you with such huge premiums that few can afford it—only 38% of Wal-Marters are covered. n Thinking union? Get outta here! "Wal-Mart is opposed to unionization, " reads a company guidebook for supervisors. n SHENZHEN, China. Most of the 2, 100 workers here are poor migrants from the countryside who have come to this industrial hub in southern China for jobs that pay about $120 a month. A sign on the wall reminds them of their expendability in a nation with hundreds of millions of surplus workers: "If you don't work hard today, tomorrow you'll have to try hard to look for a job. " n More than 80 percent of the 6, 000 factories in Wal-Mart's worldwide database of suppliers are in China. Wal-Mart estimates it spent $15 billion on Chinese-made products last year, accounting for nearly one-eighth of all Chinese exports to the United States. 55
Implications: Cultural n Employment n Technology development n Labor standards n Society at large n 56
The aim of lecture 6 is: n To understand the current economic and political (dis-)Order n To sum-up theoretical and analytical dimensions of the previous lectures n To provide the basis for the discussion of the projects and of theses 57
1. The crisis of neo-liberal economics 2. From a Triadic to a Multipolar System 3. The rise of U. S. unilateralism 4. The emergence of the forms of resistance to globalization 58
1. The crisis of neo-liberal economics. The end of development n Growth has not materialized: in the last two decades (1980 -2000) the rate of growth has been less than those of the previous decades (1960 -1980) in many regions of the world, despite two major oil crises. n African countries are those in the worse situation: during 1960 -1980 they had a 34 per cent growth of GDP in 1980 -2000 GDP fall of 15 per cent. n In the last 20 year development measured with HDI is improving to a lower rate than before 1980 also in rich countries and is becoming negative for some poor countries. China and India are among those that show a stable growth of HDI. n Poverty cannot be studied as a TREND: is the MAGNITUDE of the problem that cannot be accepted n Economic convergence has not taken place. Income disparity increases with the opening of markets. China is a good example of convergence within localities but divergence along the rural-urban axis. 59
2. From a Triadic to a Multipolar System n The decline of Japan n The crisis of the European Union n The American vulnerability (energetic and economic) n The rise of BRICs 60
3. The U. S. unilateralism 1. The period 1992 -2001 n The rise of the neo-conservative groups in the U. S. n The Wolfowitz memorandum n The pre-emptive strategy of war n The desperate need of war n The economy prevails over politics (global market dominance) 61
4. The emergence of resistance to globalization n World Social Forums n Independent NGOs n The rise of the political consumer n Peace movements n Social Districts: the community against the multitude of individuals 62
The 5 False Myths about Globalization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trade Foreign direct investments Flexibility Property Rights Technological change 63
1. TRADE n Trade has increased but is asymmetrical n Trade has liberalized but is conditional n Trade remains concentrated within the Triad 64
2. Foreign direct investments n Employment creation is in the low skilled labor intensive sectors n The worker is not anymore the consumer n Technology transfer is limited, but can be pursued 65
3. Flexibility n Flexibility in the modern firms has created insecurity n The Flexible production has created dualism and polarization n ‘Flexibilization’ (de-centralization and de-localization) has destroyed local communities 66
4. Property Rights n The diffusion of innovation is limited by tight enforcement of property rights n Property right systems allowed the expropriation of indigenous knowledge 67
5. Technological change n Technological innovation is substituting labor (technology induced unemployment) n Technology is applied in both bad and good ways. But the bad ones prevail. n Technological change served the interested of the richest and strongest lobbies n Adoption and diffusion of new technologies is not a natural process 68
The process of diffusion of innovation Ceiling Origin Late Majority Early Adopters Innovators Number of Adopters Slope Laggards In the 1950 s 1960 s agricultural economists in the US made studies on the diffusion of hybrid corn Time Rents creation 69
Possible titles for projects/theses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Title: Discuss cases for and against mathematics in economics. Possible Research question: Title: Compare Marxist and Post-keynesian accounts of globalisation. Possible Research question: what is the future of the Nation-State? Title: Statistics or Economic Problems? Possible Research question(s): Why do rates of unemployment differ between US and Europe and between the European countries e. g. Scandinavia vs. Germany , UK and France? Title: Inequality in Rich countries: the case of Denmark. Possible Research question(s): What determines the distribution with regard to the share of profit and wage and with regard to the personal income (represented by the Gini-coefficient)? Give some causal explanations of the development in distribution within the last 30 years in Denmark. Title: The Macroeconomic effects of the European Monetary Union. Possible Research question : To what extent would you expect a correlation between the development in the exchange rate and the balance of payments (current account and capital account). What are the economic conditions which should be fulfilled for a well functioning monetary union to be established? To what extent does the Euro-zone conform to these requirements? Title: Trade and financial flows in Asia. Possible Research question : What kind of integration is taking place? Is a regional phenomenon or not? Who benefits? Title: To protect or not protect? Possible Research question : Does property rights foster or hinder innovation? Title: The local impact of transnational corporations: the case of Wal-Mart in China. Possible Research question: What are the benefits of foreign direct investments on the local economy? Title: The disturbing rise of the poor. Possible Research question: Why convergence has not materialized? And where it has? Title: A Changing Global Order. Possible Research question: How important is the exchange rate USD/RMB in the equilibrium between China and USA? Title: Open regionalism vs Meso-regions. Possible Research question: Is the Meso-region an alternative to Globalization? Title: Technology for the people and against the people. Possible Research question: What are the driving forces behind technological progress? Is technology neutral? Title: In search of Global Governance. Actors and Institutions in the Global Economy: Possible Research question: How capitalism has changed in the last 20 years? Who is ruling the global market? Title: Comparing Regional Integration Agreements. Possible Research question: Can self-reliance be achieved today? Title: The economy of Access and the Privatization of the Common Goods. Possible Research question. Is another World possible? How common goods can be managed in the global economy? 70
What is to be done next? n Prepare for the next workshop a presentation of 3 pages of your project, in which is explained the project field and some of the books and reports you intend to use for it. Date for the workshop for the Master E&A and Socrates students is: Monday 15 th March 15. 00 -17. 00 Date for the workshop for the ESST students is: Friday 19 th March 12. 15 -14. 15 71
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