Key Terms for America s Second Civil War 1

Key Terms for America’s Second Civil War 1. A person or event that provokes or speeds up significant change or action. Catalyst 2. the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area. Segregation 3. ethnic discrimination especially against blacks by legal enforcement or traditional sanctions Jim Crow

4. : to put to death violently by mob action without legal sanction. Lynch 5. the process of making a change to The Constitution. Amendment 6. To refuse to buy or do something. Boycott 7. The rights to personal freedoms Civil Rights

America’s Second Civil War • America’s First Civil War-1860 -1865 • Causes: Slavery, Federal vs. State power struggle, election of 1860 and sectional differences.

America’s Second Civil War • America’s Second Civil War 1954 -1968 • Causes: Jim Crow, lynching, Federal vs. State power struggle

Early Rebellions & Success

Early Rebellions and Success

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Legal Catalyst for 1 st Civil War • Scott v. Sanford 1857 • Supreme Court rules that African Americans are property and that the rights guaranteed in the Constitution were not meant for them. • Also, that Congress can’t limit slavery

Did you know? • After the ruling, Scott was returned as property to the widow Emerson. In 1857, she remarried. Because her second husband opposed slavery, Emerson returned Dred Scott and his family to his original owners, the Blow family, who granted him freedom less than a year and a half before he died from tuberculosis in September 1858.

Legal Catalyst for 2 nd Civil War • Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas (1954) • 14 th Amendment • Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Legally ends segregation in public schools • Thurgood Marshall and NAACP • Bolling v. Sharpe (1954) • 5 th Amendment

Did you know? Mendez v. Westminster California court ends segregation in California public schools in 1945. (Nine years before the Brown case) (Thurgood Marshall aided in the case)

Political Catalyst for the 1 st Civil War • Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln wins election without a single southern vote • South Carolina first to secede the Union • South feared that Lincoln will end slavery

Political Catalyst for the 2 nd Civil War • Chief Justice dies • Pres. Eisenhower appoints Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Had been Gov. of Calif. when Mendez case occurred. • Liberal views changed the Supreme Court: Brown case, Hernandez v. Texas, Miranda v. Arizona

Emotional Catalyst for the 1 st Civil War • Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Shows the horrors of slavery • Mobilizes abolitionists in the north and in Great Britain • John Brown a martyr?

Emotional Catalyst for the 2 nd Civil War • Emmett Till lynching in Mississippi 1955 • “open casket” funeral • Picture published in JET magazine • Spurred a whole generation to action • Murderers found not guilty in a court of law

Generals, Heroes, and villains First Civil War

Abraham Lincoln • Stoic leader and defender of the Union • Emancipation Proclamation • Gettysburg Address • Ex-Whig member • Lincoln-Douglas debates 1958

Generals, Heroes, and Villains Second Civil War

Thurgood Marshall • • Howard law school Murray v. Pearson Chief Counsel for NAACP Shelley v. Kraemer, Sweatt v. Painter, and Brown v. Board of Education • Solicitor General • Appointed to Supreme Court June 13, 1967 • First African American on the Supreme Court

Rosa Parks • Dubbed the “Mother of the modern Civil Rights movement”. • December 1, 1955 she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus. • She was arrested-her civil disobedience started the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Long time NAACP member and worker

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • Baptist minister • Leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott • One of the organizers of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Non-violence-teachings of Jesus • Civil Disobedience. Gandhi/Thoreau • March on Washington/ “I Have a Dream” speech • “Letter from a Birmingham jail” • Nobel Peace Prize 1968 • Assassinated 1968

Ella Baker • “Miss Baker” • Graduated Shaw University • NAACP field sec. /director of branches • Helped organize SCLC • Helped start Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Silent advisor for SNCC • Helped organize Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

James Farmer Leader of CORE Used “sit-in” tactic in the 1940’s Refused to fight in WWII Pacifist

Greensboro Four • North Carolina A&T State University students Franklin Mc. Cain, Joseph Mc. Neil, Ezell Blair Jr. , and David Richmond • Started “sit-in” movement at F. W. Woolworth’s

John Lewis • Leader of SNCC • Graduate of Fisk University • Leader in the “sit-in” and Freedom Rides movements • Leader at Selma marches -beating wounds still visible • Currently House of Rep. From Georgia

Diane Nash • Howard Univ. and Fisk Univ. • One of founders of SNCC • Unofficial leader of “sit -in” movement • Led Freedom Rides • Started “Right to Vote” campaign • Joined SCLC

James Meredith • Air Force • Jackson State • Not allowed in at Univ. of Mississippi by Gov. Ross Barnett • JFK sends U. S. Marshals to escort Meredith into class • First African American at Univ. of Miss. Oct. 1 st 1962

Medgar Evers • Alcorn State • Mississippi NAACP leader • Assassinated June 12, 1963 by Byron De La Beckwith • “Ghosts of Mississippi”

Did you know? Medgar Evers was part of the D-Day invasion of Europe during World War II.

Eugene “Bull” Connor Villain-Boo! • Sheriff of Birmingham, Alabama • Ordered arrest of over a thousand children during protests • Ordered police to use attack dogs and high pressure fire hoses to be used on African American children during marches

George Wallace • Governor of Alabama • “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever” • “Stand in the Schoolhouse Door” • Physically stopped integration of Univ. of Alabama

Orval Faubus • Governor of Arkansas • Called State National Guard to stop the integration of Central High in Little Rock • Believed in states rights over Federal law

Montgomery Bus Boycott • Started by Rosa Parks refusal to move • Boycott first leadership for Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. • Boycott organized by Black Baptist churches • Dec. 5, 1955 to Dec. 21, 1956 • Browder v. Gayle

Little Rock, Arkansas • Little Rock school district following Brown case decision • Cooper v. Aaron 1958 • Governor Orval Faubus used National Guardsmen to stop nine African American teens from entering Central High in 1957 • President Eisenhower sends in 101 st Airbourne to get students into school and protect them

Sit-ins • Started in Greensboro, North Carolina • Started Feb. 1 st 1960 • Civil Disobedience • Involved SNCC and CORE • James Farmer, Diane Nash, John Lewis • Led to desegregation of lunch counters and diners

Freedom Rides • 1961 • Boynton v. Virginia • Outlawed racial segregation in interstate public facilities • Goal: test decision • Org. by CORE and SNCC • KKK use violence to stop it • Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent U. S. Marshall’s to ride on the buses to protect the “Freedom Riders” • Federal v. State?

Albany Movement • 1961 -1962 • SNCC and SCLC struggle to work together • Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. flown in to lead movement • Sheriff Laurie Pritchett read King’s book and ordered his men to use non-violence when the media was near-by • He also sent demonstrators to neighbor town jails to avoid overcrowding • Albany was a loss for the movement

Birmingham • 1963 -1964 • “Bombingham” • Most racist city in America • Non-violent tactics • King arrested/ criticized by white clergy • “Letter From Birmingham Jail”

Birmingham cont. • Children’s march • Bull Connor unleashes attack dogs and high powered hoses • Impact of Television • Businesses desegregate and agree to hire blacks • JFK promises a new Civil Rights Act

March on Washington • • A. Philip Randolph Aug. 28 th 1963 Kennedy administration 250, 000 people “I Have A Dream” John Lewis JFK assassinated shortly after march • Civil Rights Act of 1964

16 th Street Church • Shortly after Washington KKK members bomb church • Four little girls are killed: Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley, and Denise Mc. Nair • Outrage helped pass Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Only one person convicted of bombing 13 years later

Freedom Summer • 1964 • Hundreds of college students headed down into the South to help African Americans to register to vote • Violence against them • Led to passage of Civil Rights Act

Freedom Summer cont. • Andrew Goodmen, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney • Missing after being arrested in Miss. • Found murdered and dumped in a lake

Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Started by JFK June 11, 1963 • LBJ urges Congress to pass it in honor of JFK • landmark legislation which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. • Howard W. Smith and Alice Paul- Gender? • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Democratic National Convention • Founding of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party • Challenged the regular Democratic party from Miss. • Fannie Lou Hamer, Annie Devine, and Victoria Gray elected to run for Congress • President Johnson cut-off T. V. coverage of Fannie Lou Hamer’s speech calling for MFDP admittance to the convention. • Party was denied entrance to convention

Selma • Hosea Williams of SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC lead a march from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights on March 7 th • Six blocks into the march demonstrators are severely beaten and stopped from marching • Impact of TV

Second Selma March • Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. leads a “symbolic” march across the bridge on March 9 th

Third Selma March • Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr. ’s decision • 3, 200 demonstrators start out on March 21 st and by March 25 th 25, 000 people arrive in Montgomery • March for Voting Rights • Voting Rights Act of 1965 signed shortly after Selma • Culmination of Second American Civil War

Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Aug. 6 th, 1965 • Outlawed discriminatory voting practices • Ex. Literacy tests • Signed by President Johnson • Department of Justice has jurisdiction over voting

Did you know? • Reynolds v. Sims 377 U. S. 533, 561 -562 (1964): "Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society. Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized. Almost a century ago, in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356 (1886), the Court referred to "the political franchise of voting" as "a fundamental political right, because preservative of all rights. " 118 U. S. at 370.

Landmark Literature • Emancipation Proclamation • “Letter from a Birmingham City Jail”

• Jan. 1 st 1863 • Based on Lincoln’s presidential war powers • Freedom for all slaves in Confederate territory • Immediate impact freed runaway slaves • Shift in war objectives • Shifted foreign support • Fighting for a moral cause? • April 16 th 1963 • Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. response to Alabama clergy article • Many “white” clergy wanted battles fought in courts not streets • King, “ This wait has almost always meant ‘never. ”` • Civil Disobedience is justified in the face of unjust laws

Division within the movement • • John C. Fremont George B. Mc. Clellan Horace Greeley Radical Republicans • SCLC and SNCC struggles • Stokley Carmichael • Nation of Islam • Malcolm X • Black Panthers

Legacy of the First Civil War • 13 th Amendment Abolished Slavery • 14 th Amendment Citizenship • 15 th Amendment Suffrage for African American men • Freedmen’s Bureau first federal social welfare program • Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1871, and 1875 • Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln • Compromise of 1877 and Plessy v. Ferguson destroy most of the accomplishments

Legacy of the Second Civil War • Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968 • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • 24 th Amendment • Assassinations of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, John F. Kennedy, and Robert Kennedy.

Impact of the media • Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, wrote “The Prayer of Twenty Millions” on August 20, 1862. • Took a Radical Republican view of war • Lincoln had a moderate view • 1864 wrote editorials against re-election of Lincoln • Spread anti-Lincoln feelings across the Union • The technology of television broadcast to not only the U. S. , but the world showed the racism and violence directed at African Americans. • Huge support for the CRM was received due to T. V. capturing the violence at Birmingham, Selma, and other sites. • Similar to the impact T. V. had on the Vietnam War