KEY CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES AND POLICY APPROACHES REPORTED

KEY CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES AND POLICY APPROACHES REPORTED BY ANNEX I PARTIES IN THE THIRD NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS Pre-sessional Consultations on “Good Practices” in Policies and Measures 21 October, 2002, New Delhi, India Katia Simeonova Programme Officer UNFCCC secretariat

Outline of the presentation • Overview of policies reported • Policies and measures, and emission trends of Annex I Parties • Evolution of climate change policies between NC 2 and NC 3: • A new integrated approach to climate policy formulation and implementation • Criteria used for climate change policy design and implementation • Monitoring and evaluation • Role of new technologies • Some policy trends by sector • Conclusions 2

Overview of the policies reported • Continuity with policies from NC 1 and NC 2 • New policies having climate change mitigation as a primary objective • Mitigation of CO 2 from energy and transport the most important • Significant emission reductions from non-CO 2 gases: cost-effective measures, or cost associated with other objectives • Wider involvement of regional and local governments in CC • EIT Parties: role of charmonization with the EU legislation 3

Pa. Ms and emission trends: changes in aggregated emissions of Annex I 4

Pa. Ms and emission trends: main drivers Annex II • The EC, Finland, France, Sweden, Switzerland the U. K. contributed significantly to the aim of the Convention • Main drivers: proactive climate policy (energy efficiency, fuel switching, nuclear power, economic slow down • More specifically: the U. K. (fuel switch), France (reduction of N 2 O from chemical industry and nuclear), Finland (fuel shift, renewables, nuclear, transportation strategy) 5

Pa. Ms and emission trends: main drivers EIT • Emission levels in 2000 far below 1990 levels (66% for Latvia and 23% for Czech Republic) • Evidence of success towards decoupling of emission growth from economic growth • Poland: GDP 6. 6 % annual growth (1995 and 1997) and 4. 3 % (1998 and 1999), emissions continue to decline 6

Evolution of CC policy: overview • The importance of the KP in shaping CC policy: target driven approach • CC has risen in importance in the policy agenda • Diversified policy portfolios with shift towards economic instruments • Energy sector saw the most significant changes 7

Evolution of CC policy: Pa. Ms portfolios 8

Evolution of CC policy: a new integrated approach to climate policy • Emphasize placed on portfolio approach – Different portfolios even when national circumstances are similar • Phased approach (initial and reserve packages of Pa. Ms) • Greater involvement of local and regional governments and stakeholders • Examples of integrated approach 9

Evolution of CC policy: some important issues, such as. . . • Criteria used for climate change design and implementation • Monitoring and evaluations • Role of new technologies 10

Some policy trends by sector: share of emissions 11

Some policy trends by sector: emission trend by sector, 1990 -2000 12

Some policy trends by sector: overview of key Pa. Ms 13

Some policy trends by sector: energy • Effective mitigation measures stand out: – energy and CO 2 taxes, quotas and portfolio standards for renewables and CHP, mandatory regulations for energy efficiency, NGA, – innovative and replicable approached: green certificate trading, emission trading, promoting sustainable life-style. • Mix of policies was somewhat fragmented in the past • Now, more rigorous approaches designed to reduce emissions substantially below the base-line level • Integration of Pa. Ms: e. g. emission trading, energy tax, negotiated agreements and IPPC 14

Some policy trends by sector: transport • Important sector in terms of emission share and growth • Difficult for policy intervention • Main drivers: intensity, fuel mix, activity and structure, technical and non-technical measures • Integrated transport policies frameworks seem to be promising, e. g. Finland 15

Some policy trends by sector: industrial processes and waste • Industrial processes: more attention in this sector especially on fluorinated gases • Waste: integrated waste management approach: waste minimization and recycling, controlling emissions from landfills, regulating the waste going to the landfills, improving landfills structure, waste incineration 16

Some policy trends by sector: agriculture and LUCF • Agriculture: Pa. Ms with wider objectives, Pa. Ms targeting specific activities and research based Pa. Ms • LUCF: LUCF helped to slow down emission growth (e. g. CHW, SWE), expectation for contributions from LUCF to achieve the KP targets (e. g. NZ and JPN), national forest strategies, afforestation and reforestation 17

Conclusions • Is there evidence that Annex I Parties were successful in finding a mix of effective policies to control GHG emissions? • Were these policies sufficient to change the emission trends in the past and to achieve the aim of the Convention? • Are these policies sufficient to form a framework and set a path to achieve significant emission reductions in the future? 18