KAZAKHSTAN-RUSSIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Independent work Theme: «The brain» . Written by: Yusupova D. Checkend by: Abdykadyrova G. I.
THE BRAIN IS ONE OF THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLEX ORGANS IN THE HUMAN BODY. IT IS MADE UP OF MORE THAN 100 BILLION NERVES THAT COMMUNICATE IN TRILLIONS OF CONNECTIONS CALLED SYNAPSES. THE BRAIN IS MADE UP OF MANY SPECIALIZED AREAS THAT WORK TOGETHER: • THE CORTEX IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF BRAIN CELLS. HINKING AND T VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS BEGIN IN THE CORTEX. • THE BRAIN STEM IS BETWEEN THE SPINAL CORD AND THE REST OF THE BRAIN. BASIC FUNCTIONS LIKE BREATHING AND SLEEP ARE CONTROLLED HERE. • THE BASAL GANGLIA ARE A CLUSTER OF STRUCTURES IN THE CENTER OF THE BRAIN. THE BASAL GANGLIA COORDINATE MESSAGES BETWEEN MULTIPLE OTHER BRAIN AREAS. • THE CEREBELLUM IS AT THE BASE AND THE BACK OF THE BRAIN. HE T CEREBELLUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR COORDINATION AND BALANCE.
PHYSIOLOGICALLY, THE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN IS TO EXERT CENTRALIZED CONTROL OVER THE OTHER ORGANS OF THE BODYTHE. BRAIN ACTS ON THE REST OF THE BODY BOTH BY GENERATING PATTERNS OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND BY DRIVING THE SECRETION OF CHEMICALS CALLED HORMONES. THIS CENTRALIZED CONTROL ALLOWS RAPID AND COORDINATED RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. SOME BASIC TYPES OF RESPONSIVENESS SUCH AS REFLEXES CAN BE MEDIATED BY THE SPINAL CORD OR PERIPHERAL GANGLIA, BUT SOPHISTICATED PURPOSEFUL CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR BASED ON COMPLEX SENSORY INPUT REQUIRES THE INFORMATION INTEGRATING CAPABILITIES OF A CENTRALIZED BRAIN.
THE BRAIN IS ALSO DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL LOBES: • THE FRONTAL LOBES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROBLEM SOLVING AND JUDGMENT AND MOTOR FUNCTION. • THE PARIETAL LOBES MANAGE SENSATION, HANDWRITING, AND BODY POSITION. • THE TEMPORAL LOBES ARE INVOLVED WITH MEMORY AND HEARING. • THE OCCIPITAL LOBES CONTAIN THE BRAIN'S VISUAL PROCESSING SYSTEM. THE BRAIN IS SURROUNDED BY A LAYER OF TISSUE CALLED THE MENINGES. HE SKULL T (CRANIUM) HELPS PROTECT THE BRAIN FROM INJURY.
THE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX IS A THICK LAYER OF NEURAL TISSUE THAT COVERS MOST OF THE BRAIN. HIS LAYER IS FOLDED IN A WAY THAT INCREASES T THE AMOUNT OF SURFACE THAT CAN FIT INTO THE VOLUME AVAILABLE. HE T PATTERN OF FOLDS IS SIMILAR ACROSS INDIVIDUALS, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE MANY SMALL VARIATIONS. THE CORTEX IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR "LOBES", CALLED THE FRONTAL LOBE, PARIETAL LOBE, TEMPORAL LOBE, AND OCCIPITAL LOBE. OME S( CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS ALSO INCLUDE A LIMBIC LOBE AND TREAT THE INSULAR CORTEX AS A LOBE. ) ITHIN EACH LOBE ARE NUMEROUS CORTICAL AREAS, EACH W ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR FUNCTION, INCLUDING VISION, MOTOR CONTROL, AND LANGUAGE.
THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES OF THE CORTEX ARE BROADLY SIMILAR IN SHAPE, AND MOST CORTICAL AREAS ARE REPLICATED ON BOTH SIDESSOME AREAS, . THOUGH, SHOW STRONG LATERALIZATION, PARTICULARLY AREAS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN LANGUAGE. IN MOST PEOPLE, THE LEFT HEMISPHERE IS "DOMINANT" FOR LANGUAGE, WITH THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE PLAYING ONLY A MINOR ROLETHERE. ARE OTHER FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS SPATIOTEMPORAL REASONING, FOR WHICH THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE IS USUALLY DOMINANT.
THE ADULT HUMAN BRAIN WEIGHS ON AVERAGE ABOUT 1. 5 KG (3. 3 LB ) WITH A VOLUME OF AROUND 1130 CUBIC CENTIMETRES (CM 3) IN WOMEN AND 1260 CM 3 IN MEN, ALTHOUGH THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL INDIVIDUAL VARIATION. NEUROLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES HAVE NOT BEEN SHOWN TO CORRELATE IN ANY SIMPLE WAY WITH IQ OR OTHER MEASURES OF COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE.
ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ENOUGH VARIATIONS IN THE SHAPE AND PLACEMENT OF GYRI AND SULCI (CORTICAL FOLDS) TO MAKE EVERY BRAIN UNIQUE, MOST HUMAN BRAINS SHOW SUFFICIENTLY CONSISTENT PATTERNS OF FOLDING THAT ALLOW THEM TO BE NAMED. MANY OF THE GYRI AND SULCI ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION ON THE LOBES OR OTHER MAJOR FOLDS ON THE CORTEX. HESE INCLUDE: T SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS: IN REFERENCE TO THE FRONTAL LOBE MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FISSURE, WHICH SEPARATES THE LEFT AND RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES PRECENTRAL AND POSTCENTRAL SULCUS: IN REFERENCE TO THE CENTRAL SULCUS, WHICH SEPARATES THE FRONTAL LOBE FROM THE PARIETAL LOBE LATERAL SULCUS, WHICH DIVIDES THE FRONTAL LOBE AND PARIETAL LOBE ABOVE FROM THE TEMPORAL LOBE BELOW PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS, WHICH SEPARATES THE PARIETAL LOBES FROM THE OCCIPITAL LOBES, IS SEEN TO SOME SMALL EXTENT ON THE LATERAL SURFACE OF THE HEMISPHERE, BUT MAINLY ON THE MEDIAL SURFACE. TRANS-OCCIPITAL SULCUS: IN REFERENCE TO THE OCCIPITAL. LOBE
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