Kazakhstan in the first third of XIX

Kazakhstan in the first third of XIX century. Khan's power crisis in Steppe The external political development of the Little Juz Administrative reforms in 20 -30 th years of XIX c.

Literature • Abdrakhmanova B. Istoriya Kazakhstana: vlastʹ, sistema upravleniya v XIXv. Astana. 1992 • Zimanov S. Obshestvennyi stroi kazakhov XIX v. Almaty, 1957. • Virginia Martin, Law and Custom in the Steppe: The Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century. Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 2001.

Khan's power crisis in Steppe • The first decade of the 19 th century was one of the most difficult in the history of the Little Juz. The first implementation of reforms in the steppe in the last quarter of the 18 th century, namely the Border Court [Pogranichnyi sud] and Border Councils [ Pogranichnaya rasprava] under the Orenburg Governor O. Igel'strom, wasn’t effective. Russian authorities again returned to the khanate system of governance in the Little Juz. For 20 years, (from 1790 to 1810) the seat of the khan of the Little Juz was occupied by four different figures: Eraly (r. 1790 -1794), Esi (r. 1794 -1797), Aishuak (r. 1797– 1805), and Zhantore (r. 1805 -1809).

• Zhantore (1759 -1809) is an officially recognized by the Russian Empire as khan of Little zhuz (18051809). He was the elder son of Aishuak and Abilkhairs' grandson. • He participated in the movement of Syrym Datov at the beginning of 1790, but later served in Orenburg administration. According to the characteristic of the Chairman of Orenburg Boundary Committee, he was brave and clever. • In 1805 he was elected as the khan to the recommendation of Orenburg military governor G. Volkonsky. But he was not popular and didn’t have social support among Kazakh people.

• In this difficult situation much depended on the position of the regional administration. The Orenburg governor P. Essen and the chairman of the Orenburg Frontier Commission G. Veselitskii (1817– 1820) believed that the causes of the present situation rested on the weak power of Khan Shergazy (r. 1812– 1824) and influence of sultan Aryngazy Abulgaziev

• These khans had little authority or influence on the Kazakh population. Furthermore, they were not able to act as arbiters or guarantors of resolutions on internal strife nor in external conflicts with the frontier population. This fact was reflected in the evidence that the khans Eraly and Jantore were murdered by their fellow tribesmen. • This incited struggle for the khan's throne and increased inner-tribal conflicts. • In 1806 sultan Karatai showed up to claim the throne and encouraged activities against both khan Zhantore and the Russian authority.

• From 1809 to 1812 in Little zhuz officially rules Khan’s Council, but its power was nominal, and Russian administration has gone on appointment of the new khan which became brother Zhantore - Shergazy. Under characteristics of contemporaries Sergazy " was cowardly, artful, reserved, his power wasn’t stretched further Russian frontier posts, and only baigushy obeyed him ” • Khan Shergazy persistently complained to the Russian administration about «other powers (raznovlastye)» in the Steppe, in particular the strong influence of Sultan Arungazy (1816 -1821).

• In 1816, the majority of the Kazakhs from the Alimuly and Baiuly tribes (about 100 thousand auls) acknowledged him as khan. At that time Khan Sergazy's power spread through about 4, 000 auls. • Orenburg governance appointed sultan Aryngazy as chairman of the Council, and also demonstrated to the sultans and elders that sultan Aryngazy (rather than khan Shergazy) had support from the Orenburg administration

The fate of the Sultan Arungazy • Russian government has decided to get rid of so dangerous neighbor as Aryngazy. In 1821 he has been invited to Petersburg ostensibly for negotiations about a recognition of his Kazakh khan. He had been detained, banished to Kaluga where he had died in 1833 at the age of 55 years. •

The external political development of the Little Juz • The difficult social and economic position affected on the external political development of the Little Juz, which was located in a prime geopolitical position for the advance of the Russian empire in the south. First, the Qokhand khanate in the period of Omar (r. 1809– 1822) had advanced considerably into the Syr-Darya territory and the Kazakh tribes of the Little Juz(Shekty, Tortkara) paid zaket to the Qokhand ruler.

• Second, Kazakhs of the Little Juz had particularly strained relations with the Khiva khanate. The khan of Khiva, Mukhamed–Rakhim (r. 18061825) steadily organized intrusions into the encampments of Kazakhs from the Shekti, Tortkara, and Shomekei tribes in order to expand his influence on the Kazakh population. Furthermore, the Central Asian rulers attempted to drive a wedge between the Kazakh aristocracy and the Russian administration, promising the Kazakh khans and sultans more privileges than the Russians did. Russian authorities were constantly threatened by the separation of the Kazakhs and the departure of Kazakh khans to the Central Asian region.

Administrative reforms in Middle juz • At the end of the second decade of the XIX century on the territory of Middle Juz have a favorable situation for the conducting reforms. By this time, Wali Khan died (1781 -1821). • Reform projects were ready by February 1821, then they have repeatedly seen in November and December in the Siberian Committee and then on Jan. 26, 1822 proposed reforms considered with Alexander I, and only 22 June 1822 were approved as a legislative act "Charter of the Siberian Kyrgyzs“.

Administrative structure The Middle Zhus was included in the structure of newly established Omsk Region and divided into administrative districts and auls (villages). In 1824 two first district were opened Kokchetav and Karkalinsk Prikaz. on August, 22, 1832, Akmolinsk Prikaz was officially opened. The influential sultan of the region, Konyrkuldzha Kudaimedin, was elected as the senior sultan.

• Territory of Middle zhus were subdivided on 4 internal and 7 external districts (prikaz). Each district included on the 15 -20 volosty, which consisted of 10 -12 administrative auls. In each of auls were 50 -70 kibitkas. The head of districts was "the senior sultans", the head of volost’ – volost’s sultans, administrative auls – foremens. • Senior sultan elected for three years, but it retained the right for re-election and other terms. Senior Sultan had the right received the rank of major of Russian service. In each prikaz served a detachment of the Cosaks ( 200 soldiers), clerk, interpreters, doctor.

Administrative reforms on the territiry of Little zhus • In 1824 the new order of management in the Little zhus was established. The territory of the Little zhus was divided into three parts: East, Average, Western, in which sultansgovernors were appointed as head.

Tax reforms • The basic tax payments paid by the Kazakh population were yasak (yasak tax), kibitka tax, zyaket • The first legal act, that regulated tax relations was the "Charter on the Siberian Kirghizs” As Virginia Martin correctly notes, beginning with the ""Regulations on Siberian Kirgiz“ the Russian imperial administration wanted to use law as an instrument of power and control within this colonial territory"

• The Kazakhs were levied yasak, i. e. a tax paid in kind in the amount of one unit per a hundred head of cattle, except for camels. • Yasak was levied on the Kazakh population annually in volosts in the summer on the basis of estimates of livestock produced every three years. • kibitka tax - 1 ruble 50 kopecks collected from each tent • the tax system of the Russian state in Kazakhstan never reached the individual, but was adapted by the traditional tribal organization