Kazakhstan in Mongolian era Kazakhstan in Mongolian

Kazakhstan in Mongolian era

Kazakhstan in Mongolian era In the middle of the 12 th century Mongol tribes moved westward with the Orkhon and Kerulen, pushing from the territory of the Mongolian Altai and the upper Irtysh Naiman and Kipchak Turkic assimilating group adopting from Turks many elements of material culture, economy and life forms, nomadic customs, breeds of cattle. Since that time the boarders of location of Turks and Mongols kept for a long time.

Zhetysu was occupied by the Mongols without resistance. Back in the 1210 — 1211, the ruler of Karluk area Arslan Khan moved under the rule of Genghis Khan. In 1217 the governor of Karluk Almaliq Bouzar also became a vassal of the Mongol Khan. In the following year Jebe and Balasagun gave up without a fight to Mongol. Population of Zhetysu eventually after eight-year governing of naiman (Kazakh) tribe-leader Kuchluk, its wars with Khwarizmshah Muhamad and Karluk rulers was completely ruined. In order to attract people of Zhetysu to their side, Genghis Khan banned looting and massacres in the province. Kuchluk fled to Central Asia, and was subsequently overtaken by the Mongols in Badakhshan and killed.

The Mongol conquest was accompanied by the destruction of the productive forces, the mass extermination of people. Towns and villages, palaces and mosques also irrigation systems were destroyed. Thousands of craftsmen were enslaved. Population has experienced mass impoverishment and hunger. The forms of exploitation became more stringent. Domination of Mongol conquerors for a long time delayed economic and cultural progress of the conquered people. The agricultural and urban culture of Kazakhstan suffered heaviest damage

Mongol did not bring anything new to the public relations in the agricultural conquered countries, particularly in Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan, where feudalism with a developed system of principalities, conditional land grants have been dominated for a long time. In the steppe pastoral areas, where feudal relations still in its infancy, the Mongol conquest led to the strengthening and conservation of the most backward forms of feudalism, covered with a shell of patriarchal attitudes. The Mongol conquest had a strong impact on the course of ethnic processes in the territory of Kazakhstan. However, in general, the wars of Genghis Khan and his successor led to the decline of the productive forces, not only conquered countries, but most of Mongolia.

Exacerbations of the Kazakh-Dzungarian relations in the 17 -18 centuries In the first quarter of XVIII century, the greatest threat looming for the Kazakhs was the Junggar Khanate that reached its highest military capabilities and political influence in the Central Asian region in the 20 -ies years. The existence of Junggar as a strong state in the immediate vicinity of the borders of Kazakhstan, represented a real threat not only for the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, people of Altai and others, but also for Russia, whose economic and political interests in the area of the Altai mining and metallurgical enterprises encouraged the government, and Siberian administration to adopt vigorous measures against a far-reaching ambitions of huntayshy Tsewang-Rabdan.

The invasion of dzungarian troops in 1711 -1717 years undermined forces of Kazakhs. Using their military superiority, dzhungar troops temporarily occupied the part of Zhetisu, their advance units reached the river Sarisu in central Kazakhstan. Consequences of dzungarian invasions prompted the famous elders, beys, folk batyrs, descents from Genghis Khan to make efforts in order to unite the military and the human potential of the three jüzs. The first kurultay (people's Assembly of the nomads) was held in the summer of 1710 in the Karakum Desert.

There was decided to create joint kazakh militia led by a prominent national Bogenbay Batyr. The awareness of the real threat looming over Kazakhstan yielded its first fruits - in 1711, the military forces of the three jüzs repulsed the enemy. Dzhungars retreated to the east. Kazakh troops invaded the Dzhungar Khanate next year. The return hike of Dzhungar huntayshy in 1713 ended in failure. However, the first victories of the joint struggle were not fixed.

Even the decisive action of the Kazakh militia in the spring of 1718 in the area of the river Ayaguz led by renowned warriors Kara Kerey Kabanbai and Shakantay (Zhaugashar) failed to improve the difficult situation in which Middle Jüz was. The situation was aggravated not only by dzhungarian aggression. Bashkirs attacked in the northwest, the Siberian Cossacks attacked from the north, fellow believers Uzbek Khanate who wanted to tear away a part of the Great Jüz often troubled from the south.

Aggression of Dzhungar Khanate was named in the history of the Kazakh people as "The Years of the Great Disaster" (Aktaban shubyryndy). These years brought misery, hunger, destruction of wealth; caused irreparable damage to the development of productive forces, thousands of men, women and children were driven into captivity. Kazakh clans, paid dearly for the carelessness of their sultans and khans. Under the pressure of dzhungarian troops they were forced to leave their homes where they lived for centuries; this led to the carting of the Kazakhs of the Middle Jüz to the borderss of the Central Asian khanates.

At this critical moment, the salvation of the country was taken over by the people who pulled from their midst the major leaders of the People's Militia: Kara Kerey Kabanbai, Shakshak Janibek, Nauryzbay, Bukenbay, Malaysary, Bayan, Eset, Raiymbek, Shakantay and etc. Wise masterminds of the liberation struggle Kazdauysty Kazybek bey, Aiteke bey, Tole bey played a prominent role in bringing Kazakh clans together during this critical period. Developing its success, Dzhungars captured Tashkent and Turkestan in 1725.