Kazakhstan in 1917 -1920 years Establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan The Civil War – people’s tragedy (1918 -1920) Essence of Policy of “War communism”. Autonomous Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
Literature • Yeleuov T. Ustanovleniye i uprocheniye Sovetskoy vlasti v Kazakhstane. Alma-Ata, 1964. • Nurpeisov K. Stanovleniye Sovetov v Kazakhstane. Alma. Ata, 1987. • Sheldon L. Richman War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom. The Journal of Libertarien Sludies. Vol. V, No. 1 1981. p. 90 • Carr E. , Davies R. The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917 -1929. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 224 p. • Nurpeisov K. «Alash» i «Alash-Orda» , — Almaty, 1995. • Koygelʹdiyev «Alash kozgalysy» (Dvizheniye «Alash» ), — Almaty, 1995.
Vocabulary • • Stringent – строгий purchase – закупка, покупка hiring – наем Sown - усеянный
October revolution • 25 of October, 1917 a new chapter in the history of the former Russian Empire was opened . The Provisional government was unable to solve the main problems of the country that was exhausted by the war, hunger, confusion and anarchy. At that time, the Bolsheviks' Party won many supporters by advancing simple and understandable slogans: «Factories — to the workers, land — to the peasants, power — to the Soviets, peace — to the peoples!» .
The first decrees of the Bolsheviks • The first decrees of the Bolsheviks — «The Decree on Peace» and «The Decree on Land» — met the most cherished hopes of the people. The Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, headed by Vladimir Lenin (1870 -1924) led the struggle in which the Soviets established their power throughout Russia. The main role in the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power played Lenin's national policy, whose main directions were identified in such historical documents as the "Declaration of Rights of People" (2 November 1917) and the Address of the Soviet government "To all Muslim’s workers of Russia and East "(November 20, 1917), signed by Vladimir Lenin
The first of these documents proclaimed that The Soviets of People's Commissars decided to base its activities on the nationalities following this aspect: • I. Guarantee of equality and sovereignty of the nationalities of Russia . II. The right of peoples to self-identification, including secession and formation of an independent state. III. Abolition of all national and national-religious privileges and restrictions. IV. The free development of national minorities and ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of Russia ".
The establishment of Soviet power in the south and south-east regions of Kazakhstan • First of all the Soviet government established its power in the Syr-Darya region, the center of which was important economically and politically against the city of Tashkent. • An armed uprising of workers and soldiers, led by the Bolsheviks began on October 28 in Tashkent. As a result from struggle Soviet power was established. The establishment of Soviet power in Tashkent had enormous significance for Central Asia as a whole, especially for southern and south -eastern Kazakhstan.
• The Soviets took power in other cities in Turkestan region. The Third regional Congress of the Soviets of workers, soldiers, and peasants’ deputies was held in Tashkent on November 15. On this Congress the Sovnarkom of Turkestan Krai was elected and the Bolshevik Fedor Kolesov. He headed it since November, 1917 until November 1918. The congress proclaimed Soviet power throughout Turkestan.
• Perovsk (Qyzylorda) Soviets of workers and Soldiers' Deputies, led by the Bolsheviks, adopted Resolution on October 30, 1917 with the slogan "All Power to the Soviets” and provided all support for the fighters, who raised the slogan on their banners. On this day the Perovsk Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies took power. • On November, 6 Workers' and Soldiers Deputies of Aulie. Ata organized the seizure of power in the city and created Red Guards. On December 1, 1917, the Congress of peasant deputies of Aulie-Ata district adopted resolution on the recognition of the Soviet power that was to support by all means ". • In the first decade of November, the Soviet power was established in Shymkent with the active participation of workers of cottons factories and peasants of nearby villages. Bolshevik M. Zibarov was elected as chairman of Shymkent Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Kokand Autonomy • In late November of 1917 national leaders of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Muslim clergy convened the IV All. Turkestan Muslim congress in Kokand. The congress proclaimed the autonomy of Turkestan and formed a “government” that became known as the Kokand Autonomy. • In January of 1918, Cossack units supported Kokand Autonomy and mutually combated against the revolutionary forces and captured Samarkand other cities. In February of 1918 Red Guard detachments and revolutionary soldiers succeeded in disarming of the cossacks army. The Kokand Autonomy was liquidated in the second half of February, 1918. By the spring of 1918, Soviet power had been established throughout Central Asia except the Khiva and Bukhara khanates, where a old regime persisted until 1920.
• Bolshevik’s of Semireche organized workers in the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power. • On the night of 2 to 3 of March in Verniy an armed uprising occured. Overthrowing during the fierce fighting the Provisional Government in Verny, Kaskelen, Talgar, Tastak, red forces launched an offensive on the southern (Dzharkent) and northern (Kopal, Lepsinsk) directions. As a result was formed Military Revolutionary Committee, composed of Pavel Vinogradov – chair (1889 -1932), Luka Emelev, Tokash Bokhin (secretary) and others.
• Under its leadership, in the early morning of March 3, the Red Guards, revolutionary soldiers seized the fortress and communications offices and disarmed the military cadets and other counterrevolutionary subdivisions. During March and April, the establishment of Soviet power was effected first in Vernyi and then through all of Semirech’e Oblast.
The Turgay region. • Important military and political significance was Orenburg - centre of the Turgay area. In Orenburg, Orenburg Cossacks forces under the leadership of ataman Dutov, which was supported by the British, American and French diplomatic representatives were concentrated. • In the night of November 15, 1917, at an expanded meeting in Orenburg a Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by the Bolshevik Samuil Zwilling (1891 -1918) was established by Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. However the building where was the meeting of the Soviets, was surrounded by Whites.
• The attack on the White Guard forces in Orenburg began under the guidance of extraordinary administration Petr Kobozev (1878 -1941) from the north and the south - from Tashkent and major train stations of Orenburg-Tashkent Railway. • In the north in the structure of Soviet troops were international detachments under the command of Alibi Dzhangildin (1884 -1953) and expeditionary force of the Petrograd workers and the Baltic seamen under the command of officer [michman] Sergei Pavlov (18971946). Simultaneously with the south-east side from Aktobe, along the Orenbur –Tashkent railway line, the Soviet troops moved to the Whites and attacked them. In Orenburg uprising of workers began.
• On January 18 , 1918 Orenburg was released from Whites forces. Victory of Soviet power in Orenburg had great political and military significance. The direct railway communication in the central regions of the Soviet Union with Central Asia and Kazakhstan was restored. • Victory of Bolsheviks in Orenburg made an influence on establishment of Soviet power in Kostanai and Aktobe region.
• On December 25, led by the Bolsheviks, the workers and Soldiers with the Baltic sailors overthrew the local government of the Provisional Government and established Soviet power in Kustanai. They organized Revolutionary Committee, headed by Vladimir Chekmarev and started the organization of the Red Guards. • The Soviets of Workers, Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies took power in Aktobe on January 8, 1918. The Chairman of the Executive Committee in Aktobe was elected - bolshevik Vasily Zinchenko (1874 -1951).
Establishment of Soviet power in Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. • In this part of Kazakhstan important city was Omsk, which was the centre of administrative management in the region. In November 1917 the Bolsheviks established Soviets Workers’ and Soldiers' Deputies in the Omsk. 2 -10 December Third Western-Siberian Congress Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies was held where took part representatives from Akmola, Kokchetav, Atbasar, Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar, and other districts.
• On December 27, 1917 Soviet power was established in Akmolinsk. The Revolutionary Committee of Akmola region included Saken Seifulin (1894 -1939), Nestor Monin, Feodosiy Krivoguz, Baken Serikbaev (1894 -1919) and others. The Soviet power was established on December 1917 in Kokchetav and on January 1918 in Atbasar too. In Kokchetav the activities of Bolsheviks organizations and groups were led by Ivan Demetskim (shot down in 1918) and Sabyr Sharipov (1882 -1942), and in Atbasar - A. Maykutov and others.
• On January 1, 1918 in Semipalatinsk, the party of the Bolsheviks, which included K. Shugaev, M. Trusov, P. Salov, V. Morozov and others was organized. On January 18, 1918 in Ust. Kamenogorsk, and January 19 in Pavlodar workers and soldiers established Soviet power. In Ridder, Soviet power was established on February 19, 1918. • In the Semipalatinsk, where considerable counter-revolutionary forces were concentrated, the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power was delayed
Alash autonomy • In Russia, meanwhile, events took an unexpected turn. In October 1917 the Bolsheviks seized power. The Alash movement’s leaders had to speed up events as well. The second All-Kazakh Congress, where Alash autonomy was declared and its government, the Alash- Orda, was elected, was held from 5 to 13 December 1917. By decision of the congress, this autonomous entity was supposed to include Akmola, Ural, Torghay, Semirechye and Syr Darya oblast’s, the Kazakh uezds of Ferghana, Samarkand Zakaspiisk oblast’s, as well as the adjacent volost’s of Altai oblast’ were inhabited by Kazakhs.
• The congress’s resolution, which was passed unanimously, emphasized that everyone who lived among the Kazakhs must ‘be guaranteed by the rights of a minority, and representatives of all ethnic groups be represented by proportionally in all institutions of the autonomous entity’. It was determined that the Alash-Orda would consist of 25 seats, 10 of which were set aside for Russians and representatives of other peoples residing in Kazakhstan. The movement’s leaders were very methodical. Step by step they moved towards implementing the congress’s decisions on creating the autonomous entity. During this period, however, there was essentially a multiple authority in Kazakhstan. Soviets (Bolshevik councils) started to appear alongside the remnants of the Provisional Government’s rule here and there.
• The Orenburg, Siberian and Semirech’ye Kazakhs created militarized organs of selfgovernment, and peasants and soldiers returning from the fronts of the First World War created their own. Beginning in October 1917, the soviets, which were headed by the Bolsheviks, began seizing the power locally. Bolshevik’s violence provoked a fierce reaction. Late in the spring of 1918, a bloody civil war began in the country that pulled Kazakhstan into its orbit as well.
• Located at the epicentre of the civil war, Alash. Orda detachments took part in military operations against the Bolsheviks. The Alash autonomous entity lasted only about two years; Soviet power wiped it out by force in 1919. The same fate befell the Turkistan (Kokand) autonomous entity, which had been organized by a decision of the fourth All - Turkistan Special Islamic Congress (November) and which included historically Kazakh lands – Syr Darya and Semirechye oblast’s. Thus an end was put to attempts by the indigenous peoples of Kazakhstan and Turkistan (as well as the Tatars and Bashkirs in the Volga region) to create their own nation-states on a unified ethnic territory that had been destroyed by tsarist Russia.
The Civil War – people’s tragedy (1918 -1920) • The Civil War between the Bolshevik Soviet (Reds) and the forces of the former Provisional Government and other anti-Bolsheviks (Whites) lasted for two years from 1918 to 1920. The first opponents of Bolshevik 's regime become the Cossacks. Generals Michael Alekseyev (19571918), Lavr Kornilov ( 1870 - 1918) assumed the command of the Don Cossack forces, Alexsander Dutov ( 1879 -1921) assumed the Orenburg Cossack Army.
• According to textbook of Soviet period (History of Kazak SSR, 1977, volume 4) the Whites were called as "counterrevolutionaries" - the revolution (a word with positive connotations) referring to the Bolshevik Revolution against the Russian tsarist regime. This terminology reflects Soviet class viewpoint and ideology. It basically consists of enumerations of the Red Army's defense and "liberation" of Kazakhstan from the anti-Bolshevik forces.
• Anton Denikin (1872 -1947) and Peter Krasnov (1869 -1947) formed the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army, which wasn't significant threat to Bolshevik 's regime until the summer of 1918, when a large army of Czechprisoners of World War I had been permitted by Kerensky's government to form units to fight the Central Powers. The plan was to transport the new Czechoslovak Legion by railroad across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, and then sail them to France. Although the Czech units were in fact friendly to the Bolshevik’s cause, Trotsky decided to halt the rail progress of the Czech army and instead ordered the Czechs to "join the Red Army to be pressed into 'labor battalions' - that is, become part of the Bolshevik compulsory labor force.
• Those who disobeyed were to be confined to concentration camps. " The Czechoslovak Legion, composed of Czech and Slovak deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army, whom previous Russian governments had allowed to form their own units. In March 1918 the Bolshevik government agreed to let these units leave Russia by the Far East, but in May violent incidents took place during the evacuation, and on May 29 Leon Trotsky, commissar for war, ordered them to surrender their arms. They refused, defeated attempts of the local soviets to disarm them, and took control of the Trans-Siberian Railroad.
• In the vacuum created by this action, two anti. Bolshevik authorities appeared: the West Siberian Commissariat, of predominantly liberal complexion, based at Omsk; and the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, composed of Socialist Revolutionaries, based at Samara. • The Czechs resisted with force, seizing much of the rail system and emboldening the scattered Russian anti-Communists. With assistance from the Czechs, anti-Bolshevik forces captured Kazan and Samara.
• A conference in Ufa tried to unify anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia in September, 1917, but within two months one faction had arrested the other and control fell to one Admiral A. Kolchak (18741920) - supreme ruler of the counter-revolutionary anti-communist White forces during the Russian Civil War. With this move the Kolchak forces alienated the Czechs and provoked anti-Bolshevik SRs to declare a two-front struggle against Reds and Whites alike. • The White Army—was supported by the Allied forces from countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and the United States.
• The war crimes of the Bolsheviks were numerous, and not nearly as well publicized as those of the Whites. Just as the Whites massacred large numbers of Jews, the Bolsheviks were guilty of the mass extermination of the entire Don Cossack people - killing an estimated 700, 000 out of around 1, 000 of them. The Red Army showed especial brutality to surrendering Whites and civilians sympathetic to them. Kolchak's armies and associated civilians suffered particularly awful treatment because the Allies made no effort to evacuate these refugees before departing, as they did with the Whites in the Crimea. In the train of the army followed the Cheka, eager to apply more systematic penalties for opposition to the Soviet state.
Essence of Policy of “War communism”. • The period from 1918 to 1921 -the period of war communism-may be described as a leap into socialism. "War Communism" - the first attempt of the Bolsheviks' power, which include following action: the nationalization of industry; complete blocking of the market, the commodity-money relations and the substitution of economic incentives; noneconomic directive-distribution system of commodity-money relations; centralization of economic management; introduction of food dictatorship ("requisitioning"); the ban on leasing of means of production and employment relationships, putting labor.
The primary features of War Communism were: • Uncontrolled inflationary printing press finance, ultimately leading to hyperinflation and nationwide reversion to barter. • Near universal nationalization of manufacturing; widespread nationalization of retailing. • Stringent price controls upon and forced requisitioning of agricultural products; state monopoly on grain purchases. • Forced labor for civilians as well as the military.
• In the eyes of the Bolsheviks the market was the most "bourgeois" institution and therefore most deserving of immediate destruction. As leading Bolshevik theoretician Nikolai Bukharin (1888 - 1938) in his book “ The Economics of the Transition Period” (1920): "Indeed, as soon as we deal with an organized national economy, all the basic 'problems' of political economy, such as price, value, profit, etc. , simply disappear. ' Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin was a member of the Politburo of the Bolsheviks party (1924– 1929) and Central Committee (1917– 1937), chairman of the Communist International (Comintern, 1926– 1929), and the editor in chief of Pravda (1918– 1929), the journal Bolshevik (1924– 1929), Izvestia (1934– 1936).
• On this basis the market was declared illegal. Private trade, the hiring of labor, leasing of land, and all private enterprise and ownership were abolished, at least in theory, and subject to punishment by the state. • Businesses and factories were nationalized. Surplus crops produced by the peasants were taken by the government to support the Bolshevik civil-war forces and workers in the towns. Labor was conscripted and organized militarily.
The results of “war communism” • The results were catastrophic. Industrial production by 1920 was 20 percent of the pre-war volume. • Gross agricultural output fell from more than 69 million tons in the period of 1909 -1913 to less than 31 million in 1921. Sown area dropped from over 224 million acres in the period of 1909 -1913 to less than 158 million in 1921. From 1917 to 1922 the population declined by 16 million, not counting war deaths and emigration.
• Eight million persons left the towns for the villages from 1918 to 1920. With industrial production at a near standstill, the towns had little to trade with the peasants for food. With no incentive for the peasants to produce a food surplus, the government turned to confiscation, which further discouraged agricultural production. The peasants resisted the harsh government measures.
• Kazakhstan textbook (History of Kazakhstan: Ocherk, 1993) describes these new measures to be the "taking of 'surplus' products" and the implementation of "normalized, centralized supply" of food as well as mandatory labor service. The terminology used here seems to imply to a degree that the communistic policy of systemized distribution by institutional authorities is an improvement over whatever existing economic systems there were before.
Autonomous Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic • Meanwhile in the political sphere, the newly victorious Soviets took over control. The Revolutionary Committee of Kazakhstan (Kazrevkom) and the Council of Peoples' Commissars (CPC, in Russian Sovnarkom), which was the highest governmental authority under the Soviet system, were established. The Alash Autonomy was dissolved and the Alash Horde party was eliminated by decree. The Alash Horde has been regarded as "opponents of Soviet power" In due expected course, Kazakhstan adopted a decree subscribed by Lenin for the "Formation of the Kirghiz (then the Russian name for the Kazakhs) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. "
• On July 10, 1919, Lenin signed a decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR on the formation of the Revolutionary Committee for the Administration of Kirghiz (Kazakh) Territory. Stanislav Pestkovskii(18821937), Alibi Dzhangil’din (1884 -1953), Seitkali Mendeshev (1882 -1937) and Abdrakhman Aitiev (1886 -1936) were members of the Revolutionary Committee.
• On Aug. 26, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the Decree on the Formation of the Autonomous Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, signed by V. I. Lenin and M. I. Kalinin, making Kazakhstan part of the RSFSR, with its capital in Orenburg. • Administratively, the republic was divided into Akmolinsk, Bukei (part of the former Astrakhan Province), Orenburg-Turgai (previously Turgai and Ural’sk regions and part of Orenburg Province), and Semipalatinsk provinces and Adaev Raion (part of the former Transcaspian Region). In 1921, Orenburg. Turgai Province was divided into Aktiubinsk, Kustanai, Orenburg, and Turgai provinces; Turgai Province was eliminated in the same year and made part of Kustanai Province.
• The territories of Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Turgai, and Ural’sk regions and the parts of the Transcaspian Region and Astrakhan and Orenburg provinces inhabited by Kazakhs became part of the republic. Kirghiz Regional Bureau of the RCP(B) was formed on Apr. 30, 1920. The Constituent Congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan was held in Orenburg, Oct. 4– 12, 1920. Central Executive Committee (chairman, Seitkhali Mendeshev) and the Council of People’s Commissars (chairman, V. Radus-Zen’kovich) of the republic were elected at the congress.
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