Kazakhstan Chemical technology of organic substances 101 -R

Kazakhstan is a wealth of frosty mountain peaks, sparkling glaciers, softly rustling evergreen forests, huge rocky canyons bridged by colorful rainbows, emerald mountain lakes, wild rivers, poetic sunrises, and unique plant and animal life. Kazakhstan is the birthplace of ancient Eurasian civilizations, the motherland of nomadic people, and an important part of the Great Silk Road (1, 400 km). Kazakhstan is the motherland of the great philosopher and founder of sufism, Khodja Akhmed Yassawi, whose mausoleum and mosque survive in the ancient town of Turkestan. There are twenty-seven thousand ancient monuments throughout the nation: The Saks Burial Mounds (6 th-3 rd centuries B. C. ), Golden Man of Issyk, and countless others.

Republic of Kazakhstan – the Central Asian country located in northern hemisphere on the joint of 2 continents – Europe and Asia. The territory is 2 724, 9 thousand sq. km. It is the 9 th largest country in the world after Russia, China, the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, and Australia. The total length of borders makes 12187 km, 600 km of which is sea borders across the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan borders on Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia, and Turkmenistan. The territory extends from the downstream of Volga in the west to the foot of the Altay Mountains on the east, from the Western-Siberian lowland in the north to the Kyzyl Kum desert and Tien Shan mountain system in the south.

The date of the June 4 th, 1992 forever remains in the history of the people of Kazakhstan as birthday of the National Emblem of the Republic. The emblem as the heraldic element has always been a special honour for nomads of the Ancient East and personified life and eternity. Well-known architects Z. Malibekov and S. Ualihanov have created the emblem of the sovereign Kazakhstan. The National Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a piece of right-angled cloth of a sky-blue color with a picture of a golden sun with 32 rays in the center, sitting above a soaring steppe eagle. The flagstaff has a vertical line of national ornamentation. The picture of the sun, its rays, eagle and ornament are gold in color. The width/length ratio of the flag is 1: 2.

National currency – tenge (KZT). Was introduced in November 15 th, 1993.

Astana - the Capital of Kazakhstan On December 10, 1997 the city was renamed to Akmola and declared the capital of Kazakhstan. Later, on May 6, 1998 it was renamed to Astana is an important industrial and cultural center of the republic, also railway autotransport junction. In 1824 it was founded as the military locality, in 1868 it had got the status of the town, and in 1950 s it was an important center of development of virgin and disused lands in the north of the country.

Almaty is the largest city of Republic. Today is a city of Republican value. The city is located in palms of mountains of Zailiysky Alatau (Ile-Alatau), on 77 degree of east longitude and 43 degree of northern latitude. The population of the city is more than 1, 5 million people. The city occupies the space more than 520 sq. km on which 7 administrative areas take place. The city name in translation from Kazakh language mean «apple-tree place» . The glory to the city was brought by the well-known grade of apples - "Aport".

Its big part occupied with plain. The Near-Caspian lowland is located in the western border. There is the Karagie hollow with depth of 132 m below the level of World Ocean on the Mangyshlak peninsula. There is the Kazakh low hill in the central part. In the north – southern outskirts of West Siberian plain. In the east and the southeast – mountains of Altay, Tarbagatay, Dzungarian Alatau and Tian-Shan. The highest is the peak of Khan Tengri which is 6 995 m above sea level. Altay mountains Mangyshlak

More than 8 thousand rivers bear the waters on the Kazakh land. The largest are Ural and Emba, which run into Caspian Sea, and Syr-Darya, running into Aral Sea. The Irtysh, Ishim and Tobol cross the territory of Kazakhstan, continue the flow on the territory of Russia, and run into the Arctic Ocean. There are 48 000 big and small lakes in Kazakhstan. The greatest are Aral Sea, Balkhash, Zaisan, Alakol, Tengiz, and Seletengiz. The most part of north and half of the east coast of Caspian Sea located in the territory of Kazakhstan. Balkhash Aral sea

The geographical position, remoteness from the oceans, an openness for winds from the west and the north cause sharply continental climate and non-uniform distribution of the precipitations. Winter in the north of Kazakhstan is cold, in the south – soft. The average temperature of January varies from − 18 C ° in the north to − 3 C ° in the south. Summer is dry. In the north — warm, in the centre — very warm, in the south — hot. Kazakhstan has a unique landscape variety. Its natural zones presented from deserts to the Alpine meadows and eternal snow of high mountains.

The fauna is rich and has the special colour. Reptiles and insects prevail in deserts and semi-deserts. There are goitered gazelle, onager, saiga, wolf, hare, fox, jackal, various rodents (mice, gophers, hamsters) in the steppe zone. Lakes serve as constant or seasonal habitats of geese, swans, ducks, seagulls and flamingo. The fauna of mountains is the most various. Bears, mountain goats and rams, snow leopards, deer, different species of birds are found here.

There are 125 species and subspecies of spinal animal, 96 species of invertebrate animals and 303 species of plants included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. There were developed reserves and national parks for animal and plants protected by the government. Besides exclusive and various natural sights, Kazakhstan is rich in mineral resources. From 105 elements of the table of Mendeleyev in bowels of Kazakhstan it is revealed 99, explored – 70 and involved in manufacture more than 60 elements. About 6 000 mineral deposits were discovered in Kazakhstan. Therefore, Kazakhstan is in the list of first ten countries of the world for its oil deposit. The deposits of uranium discovered in Kazakhstan, are on the second position on world's reserves. On the gold stocks, Kazakhstan takes the sixth place in the world.

The population of Kazakhstan makes 16, 5 million people (as of March 1 st, 2011). The population density: 6 people on 1 sq. km (included in group with low population density together with such countries, as Canada - 3, 5 people, Russia – 8 people, Australia – 2, 6 people on 1 sq. km). There are more than 130 ethnic groups possessing the cultural, language and historical specificity in the Kazakhstan. Among the largest ethnic groups – Kazakhs (60 %), Russian (25 %), Ukrainians (2, 9 %), Uzbeks (2, 8 %), Germans (1, 5 %), Tatars (1, 5 %), Uigurs (1, 5 %), Koreans (0, 7 %), Byelorussians (0, 7 %). Religions – Islam with Sunnism sense, orthodox Christianity, Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, the Buddhism etc.

State language of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Kazakh, concerning group of Turkic languages. Russian is officially used also in the state organizations and local governments. Each person has the right to talk in the native language and to choose language for dialogue, formation and work that helps people of different ethnic to live and work in peace. Political system of Kazakhstan — is the constitutional parliament-presidential republic, the secular, democratic country.

Economy. Kazakhstan is the country with market economy. The policy of national economy creates all conditions for social and economic development of the Republic. The country possesses the big industrial potential and highly skilled work force, is rich in minerals resources and extensive agricultural lands.

Kazakhstan consists of five large economic regions:

Northern Kazakhstan — the grain husbandry, production of iron ore and coal, mechanical engineering, manufacture of oil products and ferroalloys, energetic.

Eastern Kazakhstan — the nonferrous metallurgy, energetic, mechanical engineering and forestry.

Western Kazakhstan — the largest oil and gas production region. Kazakhstan is in the list of first ten countries of the world for its oil deposit.

Central Kazakhstan — the black and nonferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, animal industries.

Southern Kazakhstan — the cotton, rice, wool, grain, fruit, vegetables, grapes; nonferrous metallurgy, instrument manufacturing, light and food-processing industry, fish and forestry are developed.

Welcome to Kazakhstan!