Judaism The Roots of the Arab Israeli

Judaism & The Roots of the Arab. Israeli Conflict Arizona School for the Arts Andrea Kolich

Pop Quiz-BGS 1. Who are the 2 main characters in the book? Describe them. (4) 2. What event happens at the beginning of the book? Where does it happen and who is involved? (6) 3. What are the two different settings? How are the similar? How are they different? (6) 4. What events inspire hope in the characters? (2) 5. What events lead to despair? (2)

Origins of Judaism The Big Idea The Hebrews formed a great kingdom in Israel and started a religion called Judaism. Main Ideas • The Hebrews’ early history began in Canaan and ended when the Romans forced them out of Israel. • Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law anchor their society. • Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and principles of Judaism. • Traditions and holy days celebrate the history and religion of the Jewish people.

The Hebrews’ early history began in Canaan and ended when the Romans forced them out of Israel. • Accounts written by Hebrew scribes describe their early history and the laws of Judaism, the Hebrews’ religion. • Hebrews under Abraham settled in Canaan about 2100 BC. • Some Hebrews later moved to Egypt, where they were enslaved. • About 1200 BC Moses led his people in a journey out of Egypt called the Exodus. • Many years later Israel was divided into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah. • Both kingdoms fell to invaders by 586 BC, and the Jews were scattered outside of Israel and Judah in the Diaspora. • Some Jews returned, but were eventually conquered by the Romans who killed, enslaved, or drove away much of the Jewish population.

Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law anchor their society. One God Justice • The belief in one and only one God is called monotheism. • The Jews believed they were God’s chosen people. • Kindness and fairness in dealing with all other people Righteousness • Doing what is proper • Most important are the Ten Commandments Law • Mosaic law, recorded by Moses, guides many areas of Jews’ daily lives.

Ten Commandments • What are some of the ten commandments? • How did you learn about them?

Main Idea 3: Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and principles of Judaism. Torah Hebrew Bible • Most sacred text of Judaism • Also called the Tanach • Five books containing most of the ancient Jewish laws • First part: Torah • Also contains history of the Jewish people until the death of Moses • Second part: Eight books of messages of the Hebrew prophets • Third part: Eleven books of poetry, songs, stories, lessons, and history, with Psalms and Proverbs Talmud • Explanations of the Torah and laws by scholars and rabbis, or religious teachers • Especially the Talmud, produced between AD 200 and 600 • Talmud describes Jewish law, ethics, customs, history & lore

Vocabulary • Places of worship for Jewish people are called synagogues • Rabbi- a religious leader/teacher who can make decision on Jewish law • Oversees the congregation and leads the worship services

Pair Share What are some Jewish Holidays you know of? Do you think Jewish people celebrate Christmas or Easter?

Jewish Holy Days • Hanukkah (December) –Ancient Jews celebrating a victory witnessed lamp oil for one day miraculously burn for eight full days. –Today Jews light candles on eight-armed menorahs and exchange gifts to celebrate the event. • Passover (March or April) –Celebrates the Exodus from Egypt • High Holy Days (September or October) –Rosh Hashanah: start of a new year in the Jewish calendar –Yom Kippur: Jews ask God to forgive their sins.

Culture and Rural Settlements The Sabbath, from sunset Friday until sundown Saturday, is a holy day for Jews. Yom Kippur is celebrated in the fall. Passover, in the spring, celebrates the Hebrews’ escape from captivity in ancient Egypt. Because Judaism is a way of life, religious laws address every aspect of daily life, including what Jews should eat. Kosher, which means “proper” in Hebrew, is the term used to refer to Jewish dietary laws. About 100, 000 Israeli Jews live in more than 250 rural settlements. Each settlement, or kibbutz, is a large farm where people share everything in common.

Pair Share • What does it mean to • Do you know any keep Kosher? families who keep kosher? • What other religions have dietary restrictions?

As a people, Jews are… • • • A nation in Diaspora (dispersed) 15 – 16 million in worldwide population United by a common heritage (an “ethnic” religion), divided in contemporary practice: – Orthodox: • Modern • Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox) – Reformed (18 th century Germany) – Conservative – moderates, response to reform • Reconstructionalism (20 th century America)

Main Idea 1: Israel’s history includes the ancient Hebrews and the creation of the nation of Israel is often referred to as the Holy Land because it is home to sacred sites for three of the world’s major religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Hebrews founded the kingdom of Israel 3, 000 years ago. In the 60 s BC the Roman Empire conquered the region and forced Jews to leave the region in a scattering known as the Diaspora. Renamed Palestine by Rome, Muslims conquered the area in the mid-600 s. From the late 1000 s to the 1200 s European Christians invaded Palestine in the Crusades, capturing Jerusalem in 1099. In time the Crusaders were pushed out and Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire. After World War I it came under British control.

Main Idea 3: The Palestinian Territories areas within Israel controlled partly by Palestinian Arabs. Gaza • Small crowded piece of coastal land • Almost no resources • More than a million Palestinians • Unemployment is a major problem and many travel to Israel each day to work. West Bank • Population of about 2. 4 million • Economy based on agriculture • Thousands of Jews have moved into settlements there. • Palestinians consider the Jewish settlements an invasion of their land; this is a source of great tension and violence. East Jerusalem • Areas of the city are divided into Jewish, Muslim, and Christian neighborhoods. • Palestinians claim as capital • Annexed by Israel in 1980

The story of Abraham • Abram lived in Iraq. • Abraham had visions from God. Three Covenants’ between Abraham and God are mentioned in Genesis 12: 1 -3. • To make of Abraham a great nation and to bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through Abraham. • To give Abraham's descendants all the land from the river (or wadi) of Egypt to the Euphrates. [Gen 15: 18– 21] Later, this land came to be referred to as the Promised Land or the Land of Israel, however the land specified by the Abrahamic covenant also includes the modern nations of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, UAE, and several other nations in the Middle East. • To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give "the whole land of Canaan" to his descendants. [Gen 17: 2– 9]

Jewish Diaspora

Zionism Y GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. Y Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl 1860 -1904

First Zionist Conference, 1897 Y Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State in 1896. Y Met in Basel, Switzerland. Y Creates the First Zionist Congress. Y Becomes an international Jewish organization. Y “Next Year in Jerusalem!”

Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

Essential Question: How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

The Middle East in 1914

Hussein-Mc. Mahon Letters, 1915. . Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca. . Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

Document A: Letter from Sir Henry Mc. Mahon to Sharif Hussein, October 24, 1915 I regret that you should have received from my last letter the impression that I regarded the question of the limits and boundaries with coldness and hesitation; such was not the case, but it appeared to me that the time had not yet come when that question could be discussed in a conclusive manner. I have realised, however, from your last letter that you regard this question as one of vital and urgent importance. I have, therefore, lost no time in informing the Government of Great Britain of the contents of your letter, and it is with great pleasure that I communicate to you on their behalf the following statement, which I am confident you will receive with satisfaction: The two districts of Mersina and Alexandretta and portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo cannot be said to be purely Arab, and should be excluded from the limits demanded. With the above modification, and without prejudice of our existing treaties with Arab chiefs, we accept those limits. As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein Great Britain is free to act without detriment to the interest of her ally, France, I am empowered in the name of the Government of Great Britain to give the following assurances and make the following reply to your letter: 1. Subject to the above modifications, Great Britain is prepared to recognize and support the independence of the Arabs in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sherif of Mecca. 2. Great Britain will guarantee the Holy Places against all external aggression and will recognise their inviolability. 3. When the situation admits, Great Britain will give to the Arabs her advice and will assist them to establish what may appear to be the most suitable forms of government in those various territories. I am convinced that this declaration will assure you beyond all possible doubt of the sympathy of Great Britain towards the aspirations of her friends the Arabs and will result in a firm and lasting alliance, the immediate results of which will be the expulsion of the Turks from the Arab countries and the freeing of the Arab peoples from the Turkish yoke, which for so many years has pressed heavily upon them. (Compliments) (Signed) A. H. Mc. MAHON

Table Questions • What is Mc. Mahon asking for from Hussein? • What does Hussein want from Mc. Mahon? • Is there any reason for Hussein not to trust Mc. Mahon?

Document B: Map of area promised by Great Britain to recognize as independent Arab state

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

Document B: Map of area promised by Great Britain to recognize as independent Arab state • • It is accordingly understood between the French and British governments: That France and Great Britain are prepared to recognize and protect an independent Arab states or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b) marked on the annexed map, under the suzerainty of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall have priority of right of enterprise and local loans. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at the request of the Arab state or confederation of Arab states. That in the blue area France, and in the red area Great Britain, shall be allowed to establish such direct or indirect administration or control as they desire and as they may think fit to arrange with the Arab state or confederation of Arab states. That in the brown area there shall be established an international administration, the form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in consultation with the other allies, and the representatives of the Shereef of Mecca.

Document C: The Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916 • Who is missing from this discussion? • Who should be included in this discussion? • Does this contradict the Mc. Mahon’s promises?

Document D: Map showing Sykes-Picot Agreement ·What is the fate of Palestine according to this agreement?

The Arab Revolt: 1916 -1918 § Goal of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks § Creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Syria to Yemen

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 1) Why did Arthur James Balfour write this letter to Lord Rothschild? 2) What groups may feel prejudiced by this Declaration? 3) Does this contradict previous British foreign policy?

Document F: Extract from Minutes of the Meeting of the Eastern Committee of the Cabinet (United Kingdom) of 5 December, 1918, in which Lord Curzon, the Foreign Secretary of the UK and chairman of the committee, makes the following statement: The Palestine position is this. If we deal with our commitments, there is first the general pledge to Hussein in October 1915, under which Palestine was included in the areas as to which Great Britain pledged itself that they should be Arab and independent in the future. Great Britain and France - Italy subsequently agreeing - committed themselves to an international administration of Palestine in consultation with Russia, who was an ally at that time. . . A new feature was brought into the case in November 1917, when Mr. Balfour, with the authority of the War Cabinet, issued his famous declaration to the Zionists that Palestine 'should be the national home of the Jewish people, but that nothing should be done - and this, of course, was a most important proviso - to prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. Those, as far as I know, are the only actual engagements into which we entered with regard to Palestine.

Document F: Extract from Minutes of the Meeting of the Eastern Committee of the Cabinet (United Kingdom) of 5 December, 1918, • What do these minutes point out? • Are there any contradictions in British foreign policy? • What does international administration mean?

Document G: Extract from the British White Paper of June 3, 1922 [also referred as the Churchill White Paper]: • What is the motivation behind this paper? • How should this paper be received by Palestinians? How should it be received by Zionists? • Are there any contradictions in this letter?

British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

Article 22 Covenant League of Nations December 1924 • The first group, or Class A mandates, were territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to ". . . have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. "

Document H: Extract from Palestinian Mandate July 24, 1933 • • • Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have agreed, for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, to entrust to a Mandatory selected by the said Powers the administration of the territory of Palestine, which formerly belonged to the Turkish Empire, within such boundaries as may be fixed by them; and Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2 nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favor of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country; and Whereas recognition has thereby been given to the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their national home in that country;

Colonial Powers & Dates of Independence

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians 1. 5 million dead

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 × In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. × By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System Y First one founded in 1908. Y Communal living. Y “Make the Desert Bloom!”

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936 -1939 Their Goals: Z An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. Z An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners. Z A new “general representative government. ” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al -Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”] Jewish Immigration 1919 1, 806 1931 4, 075 1920 8, 223 1932 12, 533 1921 8, 294 1933 37, 337 1922 8, 685 1934 45, 267 1923 8, 175 1935 66, 472 1924 13, 892 1936 29, 595 1925 34, 386 1937 10, 629 1926 13, 855 1938 14, 675 1927 3, 034 1939 31, 195 1928 2, 178 1940 10, 643 1929 5, 249 1941 4, 592 1930 4, 944

British White Paper of 1939 § Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75, 000 over the next five years. § It ended Jewish land purchases. § Independence for Palestine within 10 years. § It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

British White Paper of 1939 Document I Extract from the British White Paper of May 17, 1939 His Majesty's Government believe that the framers of the Mandate in which the Balfour Declaration was embodied could not have intended that Palestine should be converted into a Jewish State against the will of the Arab population of the country. [. . . ] His Majesty's Government therefore now declare unequivocally that it is not part of their policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State. They would indeed regard it as contrary to their obligations to the Arabs under the Mandate, as well as to the assurances which have been given to the Arab people in the past, that the Arab population of Palestine should be made the subjects of a Jewish State against their will. 1) Does this paper favor an independent Jewish state?

The “Arab Legion” of the British Army During WW 2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the British Army During WW 2

Hitler’s “Final Solution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

The Nazi Holocaust N 6, 000, 00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps. ]

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet § Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. § The Exodus, 1947.

Palestine Population in 1946

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Document J: Extract UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), November 29, 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948 Chaim Weizmann, 1 st President David Ben-Gurion, 1 st Prime Minister

Israel Declares Independence

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Document M Extract from Arab League, “Declaration on the Invasion of Palestine” (May 15, 1948) • • The Arab League includes Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, and Yemen. England administered Palestine in a manner which enabled the Jews to flood it with immigrants and helped them to settle in the country. . . England did not pay regard to the interests or rights of the Arab inhabitants, the lawful owners of the country… Now that the British mandate over Palestine has come to an end, without there being a legitimate constitutional authority in the country, which would safeguard the maintenance of security and respect for law and which would protect the lives and properties of the inhabitants, the Governments of the Arab States declare the following: First: That the rule of Palestine should revert to its inhabitants… and that [the Palestinians] should alone have the right to determine their future. Second: Security and order in Palestine have become disrupted. The Zionist aggression resulted in the exodus [departure] of more than a quarter of a million of its Arab inhabitants from their homes… Seventh: The Governments of the Arab States recognise that the independence of Palestine, which has so far been suppressed by the British Mandate, has become an accomplished fact for the lawful inhabitants of Palestine. They alone, by virtue of their absolute sovereignty, have the right to provide their country with laws and governmental institutions. They alone should exercise the attributes of their independence, through their own means and without any kind of foreign interference, immediately after peace, security, and the rule of law have been restored to the country.

Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949