Judaism Presented By Heather Dalberg
“An evolving religious civilization” History begins with the Tanakh (which Christians call “the Old Testament”) Creation of world by God Human expression progresses through patriarchs, matriarchs, and Moses who spoke with God and led the people according to God’s commandments, and the prophets who heard God’s warnings to those who strayed from the commandments. In 70 CE the Romans captured and destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem dispersing Jewish people who found unity in their evolving teachings and traditional practices, which were eventually codified in the great compendium of Jewish law and lore, the Talmud. (Fisher, 2002, chap. 8)
The Journey Enlightenment Kabbalah and Hasidism American Judaism The Holocaust Zionism Torah – The One God – Love For God Sacredness of human life Law Suffering and Faith
Judaism Time Line BCE 1900 BCE 1500 BCE 1000 BCE 600 BCE 500 BCE 100 - CE CE 100 CE 200 CE 600 CE 1000 CE 1500 CE 1700 CE 1900 CE 2002 CE 2003 CE 2004 CE 2006 CE 2007 CE 2008 c. 1900– 1700 Abraham, the first patriarch c. 13 th or 12 th century Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt c. 1010– 970 David, king of Judah and Israel 961– 931 King Solomon builds the first Temple in Jerusalem 586 First Temple destroyed; Jews exiled to Babylon 515 Second Temple built c. 430 Torah established: Ezra the Scribe 30 BCE– 10 CE Hillel the Elder 70 Jerusalem falls to the Romans c. 90 Jewish Canon fixed c. 200 Mishnah compiled c. 600 Babylonian Talmud completed 1135– 1204 Life of Maimonides 1480 The Inquisition begins 1492 Mass expulsion of Jews from Spain 1555 onward Ghettos of Italy and Germany 1700– 1760 The Baal Shem Tov c. 1720– 1780 The Enlightenment in Europe 1940– 1945 The Holocaust 1947 Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls 1948 Israel declared an independent state 1967 The Six-Day War 1990 onward Israeli–Palestinian conflicts and peace initiatives Israel – Palestinian Conflict persists – Jewish soldiers evacuate Joseph’s Tomb (4 th holiest site) to avoid more violence there. The ancient Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue in Jericho is also defined as a holy site which the Palestinian Authority agreed to safeguard in the Oslo agreements. Palestinians set fire to this synagogue. American Jewish families today require $25 -$35, 000 a year of discretionary income for intensive Jewish experiences. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon led his Likud Party to victory in Elections. Palestinian President Yasser Arafat dies November 11, 2004 Sharon's massive stroke on January 4, 2006 September 6, 2007 Israel admits to Syria bombing raid The United States, Israel, and a possible attack on Iran (Fisher, 2002, chap. 8)
Timeline for History of Jerusalem 4500 -3200 BCE 3500 BCE 3200 -2220 BCE 2500 BCE 2220 -1550 BCE 1800 BCE 1550 -1200 BCE 1400 BCE 1200 -1000 BCE Chalcolithic Period First Settlement Early Bronze Age First Houses Middle Bronze Age First City Wall Late Bronze Age Mention of Jerusalem in cuneiform Amarna letters Iron Age I: Jerusalem is a Canaanite (Jebusite) City 1000 -539 BCE 1000 BCE 960 BCE 721 BCE 701 BCE 586 BCE 539 -322 BCE 539 BCE 516 BCE Iron Age II King David conquers Jerusalem King Solomon builds First Temple Assyrians conquer Samaria. Refugees flee to Jerusalem. City expands onto western hill. Assyrian ruler Sennacherib besieges Jerusalem. Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. Persian Period Persian ruler Cyrus the Great conquers Babylonian Empire Second Temple built 445 -425 BCE Nehemiah rebuilds walls. City confined to eastern hill 332 BCE Alexander the Great conquers Judea
Timeline for History of Jerusalem 332 -141 BCE 141 -37 BCE 141 BCE 63 BCE 37 BCE-70 CE 37 BCE 30 CE 70 -324 CE Hellenistic Period: Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule. Hasmonean Period Hasmonean Dynasty begins. Jerusalem again expands into the western hill Roman General Pompey captures Jerusalem Herodian Period Herod rebuilds Second Temple Jesus crucified Romans destroy Jerusalem Roman Period 135 CE 324 -638 CE 335 CE 614 CE 629 CE 638 -1099 CE 638 CE 661 -750 CE 691 CE Jerusalem rebuilt as Roman city Byzantine Period Church of the Holy Sepulchre built Persians capture Jerusalem Byzantine Christians recapture Jerusalem First Muslim Period Caliph Omar enters Jerusalem Umayyad Dynasty Dome of the Rock built 750 -974 CE Abassid Dynasty 1099 -1187 CE Crusader Period
Timeline for History of Jerusalem 1099 CE 1187 -1250 CE 1187 CE 1229 -1244 CE 1250 -1516 CE 1250 CE 1516 -1917 CE 1517 CE Crusaders capture Jerusalem Ayyubid Period Saladin captures Jerusalem Crusaders briefly recapture Jerusalem twice Mamluk Period Muslim caliph dismantles walls of Jerusalem. Population declines Ottoman Period Ottomans capture Jerusalem 1538 -1541 CE 1917 CE-present 1917 1948 1967 2008 Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem Modern Period British capture Jerusalem State of Israel established. Jerusalem divided Israel captures Old City and reunifies Jerusalem Contemporary Judaism (Jewish Virtual Library, 1999)
Jewish Rituals & Practices Daily Scriptural Study Remember God in all aspects of life Boys ritually circumcised at 8 days old Women ritually unclean during period and 7 days after Adultery is forbidden - worst sin against God Consume only kosher foods Food must be prepared in a proper kosher manner Environmental considerations Awake in thankful prayer before opening eyes Prayers recited walking and at bed time
Key Beliefs and Holy Days Use of ancient lunar calendar High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur Sukkot – fall harvest festival Hanukkah – Feast of Dedication Tu B’shvat – appreciation of fruits and plants Purim – honor the queen who saved Jews from destruction Pesach (Passover) – celebration the liberation from bondage in Egypt and spring-time event of new life Shavuot – giving the Torah to Moses and the people’s hearing of the voice of God. (Fisher, 2002, chap. 8)
Jewish Issues Now Anti-semitism Political tension between Arabs and Jews Law of Return – to settle Jews back in their homeland Acknowledgement between Reform, Orthodox and Conservative beliefs Reconciling the lessons and pain of the Holocaust Doing charitable work – not just the rich helping poor Adherence to the Torah and Talmud Requirements for conversion to Judaism Extent of the use of Hebrew in prayer Equal opportunity for women in participation
Any Questions? Feel Free to Call!
References: Fisher, M. P. (2002). Judaism - A covenant with God. In (Ed. ), Living Religions (5 th ed. , pp. 231 - 267). New York: Prentice-Hall. Jewish Virtual Library (1999, January/February; Winter). Chronological Reference Points - Middle East Insight. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http: //www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Peace/jer utime. html Federow, R. S. (2003). What Jews Believe. Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http: //whatjewsbelieve. org/
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