Journey to Happiness Peace Dr Sudhir Shah

Journey to Happiness & Peace Dr Sudhir Shah MD DM Neurology Your Well Wisher. . . www. sudhirneuro. org 2 nd June 2013

If you want to be HAPPY, THEN BE… 2

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Purpose of life Everybody wants to live Everyone wants to be happy ( nobody wants unhappiness ) Everyone wants peace ( nobody wants otherwise ) Ultimate purpose of life is to enjoy and live happily and make others happy… 4

Disclaimer Nobody is perfect and all of us are students Easy to Preach, but not very difficult to Practice Happiness is not really hypothetical Definition of Happiness varies from person to person Also it is dynamic in the same person usually It is journey rather than destination But it is the dialogue we have to initiate now. . . 5

Plan of my talk Defining Happiness Psychology of Happiness Neuroscience of Happiness Measuring Happiness How to be Happy Philosophical and Spiritual perspective 6

Happiness Defined Aristotle put it, “Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, the whole aim and the end of human existence”! 7

Happiness Redefined Happiness is: A pleasant feeling A positive evaluation or judgment A favorable explanation after the fact An optimistic expectation A sense of inner peace A sense of connectedness A spiritual experience 8

Psychology and Evolutionary History The Triune Brain 9

But to Cope with Urgent Needs, We Leave Home. . . Avoid: When we feel threatened or harmed Leads to Anxiety disorders; PTSD; panic, terror; rage; violence → leads to insecurity & pessimism Approach: When we can’t attain important goals Leads to Addiction; over-drinking, -eating, -gambling; compulsion; hoarding; driving for goals at great cost→ Frustration & disappointment Attach: When we feel isolated, disconnected, unseen, unappreciated, unloved Leads to Borderline, narcissistic, antisocial PD; symbiosis; folie a deux; “looking for love in all the wrong places” → Rejection, unloved This is the brain in its reactive mode of functioning - a kind of inner homelessness 10

Three Levels of Happiness Three levels of happiness : pleasure, joy and bliss All people fall into one of three groups. . . those who are spiritually awake, those who are asleep and those who are somewhere in the middle. Your own personal definition of happiness will depend on which of these groups you belong to 11

Pleasure For those who are largely asleep Happiness is sought from outer world and is characterized by pleasure Sensual, instinctual and physiological Always perpetual and demand for more and more. Leads to inevitable pain ANIMAL INSTINCT 12

Where they find pleasure Food Sex Places Listening Music Fragrance But does happiness reside here? 13

What does it do for you? 14

f. MRI during visual imagery 15

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Physical Pleasure and the Ventral Striatum When people experience physical pleasure, the ventral striatum is activated (George, 1995) 17

Chemicals of Pleasure 18

NORMAL SEROTONIN CATECHOLAMINE DOPAMINE DEFICIENT you’re positive, confident, flexible, and easy going Become negative, obsessive, worried irritable, and sleepless you’re energized, upbeat, and alert you can sink into a flat, lethargic mood You’re more talkative and excitable. It affects brain processes ability to experience pleasure and pain Have depression, chronic boredom, loss of satisfaction, chronic fatigue, mood swings and poor attention 19

Joy Begin to feel happy for no particular reason Comes from inner world (self) More psychological Refined Desires Through service to mankind, success, achievements & spiritual practices like prayer, chanting , religious reading and satsang JOY is HUMAN 20

Achievement 21

Engagement 22

Meaning 23

Spiritual practices 24

Abstract perception of joy 25

Neural circuitry of Joy 26

Chemicals of Joy NORMAL DEFICIENCY OXYTOCIN Good social recognition, calm and relaxed mood, ego faculty Become negative, depressed , socially withdrawn , anxious VASOPRESSIN Good social Socially withdrawn, Recognition, Prompt feel overwhelmed in responsive , attentive stressful situations for stressful situations 27

Bliss The highest state Here mind all its activity ceases Our consciousness becomes identified with universal consciousness Experience of just being Permanent meditative state Fully awake PIOUS PERSONS 28

Inner Peace refers to a state of being “mentally” and “spiritually” at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Peace of mind is generally associated happiness, bliss and contentment with 29

Mindfulness Practice Observing the body and mind intentionally Letting experiences unfold from moment to moment and accepting them as they are Observing thoughts without getting caught up in them. No effort to control anything except the focus and direction of the attention. Not a passive process, yet does not involve trying to get anywhere Eating meditation, sitting meditation, working meditation and meditation during each act is the goal of mindfulness practice 30

Meditation § § § § Patanjal Dhyana Anapan Sati Smriti Upasthan Vipashyana Preksha Dhyana Jain Dhyana Spand Dhyana Mantra Dhyana Nabhi Dhyana Swapna Dhyana Nidra Dhyana Yoga nidra, Nyas Kriya Yoga Mrutyu Dhyana T. S Meditation Kundalini Kayotsarga Tratak Suryasamyam Adarshdhyana (mirror) Swaminarayan Dhyana Arup Dhyana Purnayoga Dhyana Atit Dhyana (past) Bhavidhyana (future) Sarpalanchan Dhyana Samarpana Dhyana Tathata Hoo-Dhyana (Dynamic Meditation) § Sahaj Dhyana § Your own system § § § § All methods are great 31

Vipashyana Operation of the mind, by the mind Calm and quiet mind Awake and attentive mind Equanimous mind 32

symbolic representation of the self 33

Neural Circuits of Meditation 34

Endorphins 35

+ Glutamate Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Activation by Meditation + Endorphins + Experience of Well being 36

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+ Glutamate Reticular nucleus of Thalamus Prefrontal cortex Activation by Meditation + GABA + Experience of just being Inhibition of Superior 38 Parietal lobe

The process of meditation apparently increases activation in the prefrontal cortex and stimulates the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, leading to release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA have a central role in cortical inhibition and Cortical Silent Period, modulating cortical excitability and neural plasticity 39

Blissful chemicals NORMAL ENDORPHINS GABA DEFICIENT you’re full of cozy feelings of comfort, pleasure, and euphoria. you may be crying during commercials and overly sensitive to hurt. you’re relaxed and stress-free. you’ll be wired, stressed, and overwhelmed 40

So, in conclusion Pleasure is dependent on others, joy less so and bliss is completely independent of anything Pleasure is animal, joy is human and bliss is next to Divine 41

Three levels of Happiness BLISS Happiness JOY Being part of something bigger than yourself GABA, Endorphins Happiness within Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Dopamine PLEASURE Worldly things Serotonin, Dopamine , Catachoalmines Time and knowledge 42

Instruments Used in the Study of the Brain and Happiness Can we really measure happiness, and how? Who would know better than Neurologists and psychologists? 43

Neuropsychological testing (three level questions ) How are you feeling right now (from 1 to 7)? 1) Introspection All things considered, how happy are you these days (from 1 to 7)? 2) Introspection, comparative judgement On the whole, how good do you think your life is (from 1 to 7)? 3) Introspection, comparative judgement, relative to conception of ‘the good life’ 44

Happiness ‘Continuum’ Level 2 Level 1 - Momentary feelings - Mood - Pleasures - Not suffering Level 3 - Judgements about feelings - Net level 1 happiness - Well-being - satisfaction - Holistic evaluation of value of life - Flourishing - Needn’t include pleasures More emotional, sensual, and reliable More cognitive, moral, and easily biased 45

Electroencephalogram (EEG) 46

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance. Imaging (MRI) uses changes in electrically charged molecules when they are place in a magnetic field to assess differences in cerebral activity in different regions of the brain 47

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (f. MRI) • Functional. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (f. MRI) tracks the brain’s blood flow and oxygen use two measures of neuron activity • f. MRI is useful to find out emotional processing in particular areas of brain 48

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans are good for showing the many brain structures that may be involved in a functions like pleasure and help to examine the processing of neurotransmitters 49

The Brain and Happiness Different components of happiness are found in different areas of the brain. That is, happiness does not seem to have a clearly defined neurobiological home 50

Happiness and the Pre-frontal Cortex Laughter responses are generated in the prefrontal cortex. (George, 1995) Pleasant film clips, pleasant tastes, &cash incentives increase left pre-frontal cortex activity Unpleasant film clips, unpleasant tastes, and a threat of cash loss raise activity in the right pre-frontal cortex 51

Happiness, the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex and the Amygdala When people think about good events the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (r. ACC) and the amygdala are activated. However, the correlation with optimism was biggest with the cingulate cortex (Phelps & Sharot, 2007) 52

Happiness and the Temporal and Parietal Lobes When people feel happy, the characteristic pattern shows a decrease of activity in the brain that are committed to forethought and planning—the temporal and parietal lobe (George, 1995) 53

Who is more Happy? Young, middle-aged, or old? Married or Single? Men or Women? Spirituality? Rich vs. Poor? 54

Geography of Happiness Green = Happiest > Blue > Purple > Orange > Red = Least Happy; Grey = Data not available 55

Percent 100 Age group 80 60 40 20 0 15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64 65+ AGE-WISE: % “Satisfied” or “Very Satisfied” with Life as a Whole 56

Percent 100 Males 80 Females 60 40 20 0 Satisfied Very happy Pooled data from 169, 776 interviews. Gender and Well-Being in Sixteen Nations 57

Married Never married Separated Divorced 58

Percent “very happy” 100 Spiritual commitment 80 60 40 20 0 Low High Spirituality and Happiness 59

65 % Very Happy and Felt Closeness to God (n = 9896, NORC, 1983 -1991) 60

Money and happiness Money produces shortterm benefits; More money will not raise well-being 61

Does money buy Happiness? 62

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Money and happiness Money can bring security as well as comfort & pleasure It can bring improved standard of living and education But Money corrupts , success corrupts They take away morality, relationships, health, bliss and peace 64

Understanding happiness Happiness is not something that happens, that money or power can command It is only by controlling our inner experience that we can become happy Happiness cannot be reached by consciously searching for it 65

Road to Success Money Fame Achievements Awards Possessions Road to Joy, Bliss and Peace Godhoodness Spirituality Philosophy Morality Religion 66

What do you remember? Applause dies away! Trophies gather dust! Winners are soon forgotten But you remember , the ones who take care of you & appreciate you 67

“PHYSICIA N HEAL THYSELF” 68

Why Doctors are not happy Professional carrier Teaching Academics Research Administration Family life Children issues Interpersonal relationships Competition Negative emotions like ego jealousy Money , fame Time management Traffic , mobile Staff management Misunderstandings Legal issues Paper work Demanding patients Caregivers stress Physical and Mental HEALTH 69

Determinants of Happiness 70

Gene therapy VMAT : Vesicular Mono Amine Transporter gene on chromosome 10 q 25 Produces the sensations of mystic experiences, including the presence of God and spirituality as a state of mind MAOA : Monoamine oxidase A on X chromosome Low-expression is associated with higher selfreported happiness in women 71

Determinants of Happiness 72

To control your circumstances 1. Reduce your commitments 2. Reduce your interactions with persons sanjog mula jiven pattaa dukha parmpara. . . The more you have contacts with persons and situations, the more will be your unhappiness ( cascade of problems ) Lord Mahavir 73

How to enjoy journey of life ? Key to Happiness Physical Moral Mental Religious Spiritual 74

Happiness And Peace : A Physical perspective pahelu sukh te jate narya Eat right Exercise Get enough sleep Good excretory functions (biju sukh? !) Learn to relax Laugh exhaustingly Love abundantly 75

GET ENOUGH SLEEP 76

Nix Coffee? 77

WALKING 78

RESISTANCE TRAINING 79

VENTING 80

Massage 81

YOGA 82

Laugh frequently At yourself and not others Laugh from the core of your spirit not in artificial ways Learn to laugh out in all mistakes and bad situations 83

Smile! Smiling is the main way to tell if someone’s happy… but only if they are real smiles Smile solves many problems 84

Silence! Silence avoids so many problems 85

Love abundantly 86

The Rewards of Love 87

Helping Others 88

Dopamine Serotonin Oxytocin Endorphin Exercise, Food & Mood (Happy Chemicals) 89

Dopamine The omega-3 fatty acids are proven to create dopamine. Kauncha like seeds also. Useful sources of building blocks for dopamine: Apples Beet Cucumber Green leafy vegetables Honey Cheese Sweet peppers Watermelon 90

Serotonin To create serotonin eat low sugar carbohydrates such as fruits and vegetables Bananas are especially powerful serotonin inducers and bring on an immediate calming effect because of the complex B vitamins they have Try some light stretching or breathing exercises along with some soothing music to complete the mood. 91

Oxytocin Eating comfort foods: Eating your favorite food such as chocolate, icecream or any meal that you really enjoy will release oxytocin 92

How Chocolate Could Influence Brain and Behavior 93

Endorphin Complex carbs like pasta, breads, and foods with natural glucose, like grapes make the perfect mixture for creating endorphins Eating spicy food like hot chili pepper A routine of aerobic activity: brisk walking, biking, or swimming or massage 94

Medical management If happiness has a biological cause in the brain, then we will be able to influence it with drugs, surgery, bionics etc… but should we? If our brains show equal ‘happiness activity’, then are we equally happy? How can we know this? 95

Psychological counselling 96

Mood elevators 97

Future of Happiness 98

The God Gene 99

Building on Strengths Key to Engagement and Meaning Gratification and satisfaction 100

Six Virtues for Gratification From the great philosophies and religions of the world: wisdom and knowledge courage love and humanity justice temperance spirituality and transcendence 101

Six Areas of Strength Wisdom & Knowledge Temperance Courage, firmness Transcendence Love, warmth Leadership , Justice 102

KNOWLEDGE & WISDOM 1. Creativity 2. Curiosity 3. Love of learning 4. Wisdom / perspective 5. Open-mindedness COURAGE & FIRMNESS 6. Bravery 7. Persistence 8. Integrity 9. Vitality HUMANITY & LOVE 10. Give & receive love 11. Kindness 12. Social intelligence LEADERSHIP & JUSTICE 13. Citizenship 14. Fairness 15. Leadership TEMPERANCE 16. Forgiveness / mercy 17. Modesty / humility 18. Prudence 19. Self-regulation TRANSCENDENCE / SPIRITUAL 20. Appreciation of excellence and beauty 21. Gratitude 22. Hope 23. Humor 24 Spirituality 103

3 “C’s” of Happiness Control Challenge Commitment 104

*Challenge* Openness To New Experiences Expanding Social Support Network 105

Self Awareness and Reflection *Commitment* 106

Self Discipline and Self *Control* 107

Happiness and friendship A person doesn’t need a large number of friends to be happy – he needs one the best friend 108

Learning from Children Spend time with children. Learn more about laughter, spontaneity, curiosity, acceptance, resilience, trust, determination, and your imagination They are here to teach us! 109

Happiness for children By giving them Your Time Education and knowledge Culture and attitude Wisdom and art 110

How to enjoy journey of life ? Key to Happiness Physical Moral Mental Religious Philosophical Spiritual 111

Happiness : religious, philosophical and spiritual key 112

Address of Happiness At some stage you realize happiness are not outside that peace and The root cause of miseries : thoughts, desires, emotions , ego, attitude , mind wondering between past & future, raga and dwesha ( anger, greed, deceit and passion) …etc all functions of mind 113

Thoughts. . . We are what we think All that we arises with our thoughts With our thoughts we make the world Speak or act with an impure mind and trouble will follow you, as the wheel follows the ox that draws the cart Your worst enemy cannot harm you as much as your own thoughts, unguarded 114

Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference 115

Attitude “ The Longer I live, the more I realize the impact of attitude on life. Attitude to me, is more important than facts. It is more important than the past, than education, successes, than what other people think or say or do. It is more important than appearance, giftedness or skill. It will make or break a company……. . a church…. a home. The remarkable thing is we have a choice every day regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day. We can not change our past. . . we cannot change the fact that people will act in a certain way. We cannot change the inevitable. The only thing we can do is to play on the only string we have, and that is our attitude……. I am convinced that life is 10% what happens to me and 90% how I react to it. And so it is with you…. . We are in charge of our Attitudes ”. - Charles Swindoll 116

Forgiveness REACH (Everett Worthington) Recall the hurt Empathize with the perpetrator Altruistic gift of forgiveness Certify you forgive Hold on to the forgiveness Use wisdom and discretion: Typically you do NOT tell the perpetrator that you have forgiven him/her GHALIB…. . hum ne jindgi ko aasan kar diya…. . 117

Interpersonal relationships 1. Altruism & Friendship ( Maitri) 2. Appreciation & Respect ( Pramod ) 3. Equanimity & Guidance ( Madhyastha ) 4. Forgiveness, Compassion & Prayers (Karunya ) 118

Acceptance “ God grant me the courage to change things I can, the serenity to accept the things I cannot, and the wisdom to know the difference. ” Cultivating an attitude of non-judgment Acceptance is not resignation It is a realization and appreciation of the inherent imperfections of life 119

Buddhism on Happiness There is no fire like desire. There is no weakness like anger. There is no suffering like the khandhas. There is no happiness greater than peace (Dhammapada, 202 & 208) 120

Mathematics of happiness Happiness 2 = 2 x happiness Happiness = Objects Desires Total units of Happiness remains same 121

Ambitions Where Ambitions end, Happiness begins Amount of balance in the bank at the time of your death is the extra work that you have done, which you should not have done 122

ichao rahi jaya Ane swas Khuti. I jaya tene Mrutyu kahevay, ichao pauri thai jaya Ane swas rahi jaya tene Moksha kahevay. 123

Vaishnavajan Eyes : compassion and satisfaction and not reflecting greed or jealousy ( lobha ) Words : forgiveness , appreciation and care and not anger or criticism ( krodha) Mind : equanimous and fair and not having raga (attachment) or dwesha(disliking ) Emotions : calm and passionless and not having perversions or aspirations ( kama ) Nature : gentle , humble and reliable and not fraudulent or hippocrate ( maya ) Behaviour : Loveful and kind and not hatred or discard 124

Religion Opens Doors of Happiness Religion confers upon man eternal life and guides his footsteps in the world of morality It opens the doors of unending happiness and bestows everlasting honor upon the human kingdom It has been the basis of all civilization and progress in the history of mankind 125

Ethics 126

Spiritual reading Philosophy of Karma 127

Satsang 128

Chanting 129

Prayer : four steps. . . 130

Comparison of Baseline to Prayer : Limbic inhibition Baseline Scan LIMBIC Prayer Scan LIMBIC 131

Ratnatrayi Righteous knowledge Righteous perspective Righteous conduct Lead to eternal happiness 132

PATANJAL RAJ YOGA Yama : Nonviolence, truth, non-stealing celibacy and aparigriha (Non-collectiveness) Niyama : Purity, Penance (Austerity) Satisfaction Spiritual learning Worship & dedication Asana : Pranayama : Pratyaahar : Dharna : Dhyana : Samadhi : 133

T. S. MEDITATION 134

SPECT Images at Baseline and During Meditation Prefrontal Cortex Baseline Prefrontal Cortex Meditation 135

SPECT Images at Baseline and During Meditation Baseline Meditation Superior Parietal Lobe 136

Christian Nuns, Recalling Profound Spiritual Experiences Beauregard, et al. , Neuroscience Letters, 9/25/06 137

Lazar, et al. 2005. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16, 1893 -1897. 138

Set Peace of mind and Happiness, your highest goal and organize your life around it Ask yourself before each thought, action and speech… whether this will bring happiness and peace 139

12 Secrets of Happiness Accept What You Have : NOBODY GETS MORE OR BEFORE Enjoy What You Do and without expectations Live For Today and in this present moment Choose Happiness Improve Relationships… Always appreciate, never criticize Don't Compare, but Be Yourself Preserve health and monitor it Stop Worrying : THIS WILL ALSO GO AWAY Get Organized and financial management Think Positive Moral values : DO ONLY THOSE THINGS TO OTHERS, WHICH… Spiritual practices 140

Address of Happiness 1, Spiritual mansion , Meditation hall , Self realization lane, Philosophy society, Charity chowk, Morality area , PIN : 000000 Religion station 141

Happiness is inside you 142

So Remember. . . Its not easy to find happiness in ourselves, and it is not possible to find it elsewhere The road to success is different from highway to peace, bliss and longevity 143

If you want to be HAPPY, THEN BE… 144

Do you want to be HAPPY, THEN JUST BE… 145

Great Books Holy vedas, jain aagam, tripitak, patanjal yog sutra, sukh sadhak vidya Austin, J. 2009. Selfless Insight. MIT Press. Begley. S. 2007. Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain. Ballantine. Carter, C. 2010. Raising Happiness. Ballantine. Hanson, R. (with R. Mendius). 2009. Buddha’s Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom. New Harbinger. Johnson, S. 2005. Mind Wide Open. Scribner. Keltner, D. 2009. Born to Be Good. Norton. Kornfield, J. 2009. The Wise Heart. Bantam. Le. Doux, J. 2003. Synaptic Self. Penguin. Linden, D. 2008. The Accidental Mind. Belknap. Sapolsky, R. 2004. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. Holt. Siegel, D. 2007. The Mindful Brain. Norton. Thompson, E. 2007. Mind in Life. Belknap. 146

Key Papers - 1 Guglietti CL et al, Meditation-Related Increases in GABA B Modulated Cortical Inhibition, BRAIN STIMULATION, Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 397 -402, May 2013 Atmanspacher, H. & Graben, P. 2007. Contextual emergence of mental states from neurodynamics. Chaos & Complexity Letters, 2: 151 -168. Baumeister, R. , Bratlavsky, E. , Finkenauer, C. & Vohs, K. 2001. Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5: 323 -370. Braver, T. & Cohen, J. 2000. On the control of control: The role of dopamine in regulating prefrontal function and working memory; in Control of Cognitive Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII. Monsel, S. & Driver, J. (eds. ). MIT Press. Carter, O. L. , Callistemon, C. , Ungerer, Y. , Liu, G. B. , & Pettigrew, J. D. 2005. Meditation skills of Buddhist monks yield clues to brain's regulation of attention. 147 Current Biology. 15: 412 -413.

Key Papers - 2 Davidson, R. J. 2004. Well-being and affective style: neural substrates and biobehavioural correlates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 359: 1395 -1411. Farb, N. A. S. , Segal, Z. V. , Mayberg, H. , Bean, J. , Mc. Keon, D. , Fatima, Z. , and Anderson, A. K. 2007. Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reflection. SCAN, 2, 313 -322. Gillihan, S. J. & Farah, M. J. 2005. Is self special? A critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 131: 76 -97. Hagmann, P. , Cammoun, L. , Gigandet, X. , Meuli, R. , Honey, C. J. , Wedeen, V. J. , & Sporns, O. 2008. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLo. S Biology. 6: 1479 -1493. Hanson, R. 2008. Seven facts about the brain that incline the mind to joy. In Measuring the immeasurable: The scientific case for spirituality. Sounds True. 148

Key Papers - 3 Lazar, S. , Kerr, C. , Wasserman, R. , Gray, J. , Greve, D. , Treadway, M. , Mc. Garvey, M. , Quinn, B. , Dusek, J. , Benson, H. , Rauch, S. , Moore, C. , & Fischl, B. 2005. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport. 16: 1893 -1897. Lewis, M. D. & Todd, R. M. 2007. The self-regulating brain: Cortical-subcortical feedback and the development of intelligent action. Cognitive Development, 22: 406 -430. Lieberman, M. D. & Eisenberger, N. I. 2009. Pains and pleasures of social life. Science. 323: 890 -891. Lutz, A. , Greischar, L. , Rawlings, N. , Ricard, M. and Davidson, R. 2004. Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. PNAS. 101: 16369 -16373. Lutz, A. , Slager, H. A. , Dunne, J. D. , & Davidson, R. J. 2008. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 12: 163 -169. 149

Key Papers - 4 Rozin, P. & Royzman, E. B. 2001. Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5: 296 -320. Takahashi, H. , Kato, M. , Matsuura, M. , Mobbs, D. , Suhara, T. , & Okubo, Y. 2009. When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of envy and schadenfreude. Science, 323: 937 -939. Tang, Y. -Y. , Ma, Y. , Wang, J. , Fan, Y. , Feng, S. , Lu, Q. , Yu, Q. , Sui, D. , Rothbart, M. K. , Fan, M. , & Posner, M. 2007. Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. PNAS, 104: 17152 -17156. Thompson, E. & Varela F. J. 2001. Radical embodiment: Neural dynamics and consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5: 418 -425. Walsh, R. & Shapiro, S. L. 2006. The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist, 61: 227 -239. 150

Gratitude Dr. Shailesh Darji Mr. Chintan Bavishi Dr. Prakash Chauhan Dr. Hansal Bhachech Dr. Shehnaz Chinwala Dr. Pratik Shashtri Dr. Amit Bhatt 151