Journalists and EU 21 October 2013 How

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Journalists and EU 21 October 2013

How researchers have studied ’EU and media’ • Two somewhat different approaches to studying the EU and media. – In one, it is assumed that there are 'Europeans' who communicate with each other to a greater or lesser extent. – In the other, the focus is more on how people construct themselves as European. • Quantitative vs. qualitative studies • Lack of studies on information provision of EU institutions (to the media), especially activities of EU spokespersons

EU legitimacy • No more ‘permissive consensus’ (Lindberg and Scheingold 1970) • Pre-Maastricht (until Danish ‘no’ 1992): focus on EU’s institutional design and matters of constitutional law • After the Danish ‘no’ on the Maastricht Treaty: focus shifted to public opinion and media • Lack of communication as part of EU’s democratic deficit

European Public Sphere (EPS) • Jürgen Habermas (1996): The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere • Habermas (2005, 2006): public visibility of European policy making as a requirement for a legitimate politics • EPS could link the EU with its citizens • Habermas (2006: 102): ’The missing European public sphere should not be imagined as the domestic sphere writ large. It can arise only insofar as the circuits of communication within the national arenas open themselves up to one another while themselves remaining intact. ’ • Transnational arena of communication where social, political, institutional, cultural and economic actors voice their opinions and ideas which are then discussed, distributed and negotiated with reference to different (crucial) events (Krzyzanowski, Triandafyllidou and Wodak 2009)

Group discussion: What is EPS? • Would you say it is EPS if media in different countries talk about the same (European) pop singer? – Or should they necessarily talk about 'Europe', European values, identity etc. ? • When Berlusconi made a racist comment saying that Obama had a good tan and newspapers in different European countries reported on it, was it EPS? • When media in different EU countries talk about the "rise of China"?

Where do journalists find information on the EU? • Daily Commission’s midday briefing • EUROPA Newsroom – http: //europa. eu/newsroom/ind ex_en. htm • EU 4 Journalists – www. eu 4 journalists. eu • presseurop – www. presseurop. eu • Euronews – http: //www. euronews. com • Europarl. TV – http: //www. europarltv. europa. e u

EU has no ’face’ • Every EU institution has its spokespersons – Others are not allowed to give official statements • Do EU representatives engage in public discussion with each other? • The only ‘debate’ seems to be between Europhiles and Eurosceptics

Anatomy of EU-journalism • Finnish doctoral dissertation on how journalists reported on the EU before the 1994 referendum (Mörä 1999) • Journalists’ definition of the situation – Hard facts discourse • Economy • Foreign and security policy – West-discourse • Western Europe as the only proper reference group for the Finns • Inevitability discourse

Self-image of EU-journalists • Educators, not (political) advocates (Statham 2007) – Exception: The Swiss Blick is aware of its readers’ EU-critical stance, but consciously takes an Europhile position anyway • What about critical journalism? • Journalists from old vs. new member states (see Lecheler 2010)

Why so little coverage of EU? • Journalists say: – EU too complicated – Audience not interested • Should we ask: – Do you (journalists) understand the EU? – Are you (journalists) interested in the EU?

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