Jefferson s vision Society of sturdy independent farmers who

Jefferson’s vision Society of sturdy, independent farmers who were happily free from the workshops, the industrial towns, and the city mobs of Europe System of universal education Cultural outlook that emphasized localism and republican simplicity Federal government with limited power Most authority in states

Did they succeed? Not really Vision became obsolete Diversified and more complex economy Growing cities, surging commerce, and expanding industrialism made ideal of a simple, agrarian society impossible to maintain Did manage to dismantle much of the Federalist bureaucratic power

Judith Sargent Murray’s Thesis Men and women were equal in intellect and potential. Women therefore should have precisely the same educational opportunities as men. Also should have same opportunities in the workplace

Jefferson’s vision of Native Americans Noble savages (uncivilized but not necessarily inferior) Hoped schooling Native Americans in white culture would tame and uplift tribes

Higher Education Less available 1 white man in 1000 Prosperous, propertied families Clergy: only profession for which college training was a prerequisite

Medicine Rush founded first medical school at Univ. of PA Most apprenticed to an existing practitioner Benj. Rush Efforts to teach anatomy met with public hostility Rush: lack of sanitation programs caused spread of disease; Bleeding & purging

National Culture Jedidiah Morse Geography Made Easy Noah Webster American students should be educated as patriots American Spelling Book Americanized system of spelling

C. B. Brown W. Irving Mercy O. Warren

Deism, universalism and Unitarianism Deism: God exists, but is a remote entity who, after creating the universe, withdrew from direct involvement with the human race and its sins Unitarianism: rejected predestination Salvation available to all Rejected Trinity (Jesus not Son of God)

Second Great Awakening

Timothy Dwight Peter Cartwright

Second Great Awakening Basic thrust: individuals must readmit God into daily lives, must embrace a fervent, active piety, must reject skeptical rationalism The SGA combined a more active piety with a belief that God was an active force in the world whose grace could be attained through faith and good works

J. Watt

Disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedule

Moses Brown and Samuel Slater British prevented export of textile machinery or emigration of skilled mechanics Slater, a mechanic who did emigrate and built A spinning mill for Brown in Pawtucket, RI First modern factory in America

Eli Whitney England: enormous demand For cotton Long-staple (Sea Island) easy to separate seeds; grew successfully only along the coasts; Short-staple—sticky green seeds were hard to remove; but could grow inland

Cotton Engine performed cleaning task quickly and efficiently; cotton growing soon spread to upland South

Eli Whitney’s Other Contributions Devised a machine to make each part of a musket according to an exact pattern. Tasks could be divided among several workers and one laborer could assemble a weapon out of parts made by many others

As early as 1793, US merchant fleet and foreign trade larger than any European nation, other than Great Britain

Robert Fulton The Clermont

Turnpikes Toll roads with hard-packed surface of crushed rock Privately funded to produce profits Therefore construction costs had to be low— roads were relatively short

Washington, D. C. Designed by Pierre L’Enfant Abusive climate Republicans allowed the city to remain raw, inhospitable

Jefferson’s intellectual and political assets Brilliant and charming conversationalist Writer of great literary skills One of nation’s most intelligent and creative people Architect, educator, inventor, scientific farmer, philosopher Shrewd and practical politician Great lengths to eliminate the aura of majesty surrounding the presidency

Reversing public debt Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury was key Congress abolished all internal taxes Customs duties and sale of western lands only sources of revenue Gallatin drastically reduced government spending Cut staffs (Jefferson cut social spending) Cut national debt almost in half

Jefferson’s Military Policies Scaled down size of armed forces Army: 4, 000 to 2, 500 Navy: 25 ships to 7 plus officers & sailors Did establish the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York

Jefferson’s Military Policies What was my rationale in cutting the armed forces? Anything but the smallest of standing armies might menace civil liberties and civilian control of government. A large navy might promote overseas commerce, which should be secondary to agriculture.

War with Barbary Pirates Jefferson re-built the U. S. fleet; agreement ended tribute payments but paid $60, 000 ransom for release of hostages

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Jefferson repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 Adams had made “midnight appointments” One was William Marbury: Justice of the Peace for Washington, D. C. Secretary of State’s job to deliver commissions Madison: new Secretary of State, refused to deliver Marbury’s commission

Marbury v. Madison (1803) John Marshall Court held Marbury had a right to his commission, but the Court, as stipulated in the Judiciary Act of 1789, had no right to order Madison to deliver it Congress had exceeded its authority in including that power in the Judiciary Act of 1789

Marbury v. Madison (1803) With the Marshall Court’s ruling, it gave itself the power to nullify an act of Congress—Judicial Review Established the Judiciary as a branch of government co-equal with the executive and legislative—a position that the founders of the republic had never clearly indicated it should occupy.

Impeachment of Samuel Chase Republican leaders unable to get necessary 2/3 vote for conviction in Senate Acquittal helped establish that impeachment would not become a routing political weapon, that something more than partisan disagreement should have to underlie the process

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson: purchase New Orleans Robert Livingston, with James Monroe, proposed, on his own authority, that the U. S. purchase all of Louisiana $15 million (2 cents an acre), French certain exclusive commercial privileges in New Orleans, & U. S. incorporate Louisiana into union with same rights and privileges

Jefferson’s quandary Strict Constitutionalist Federal government could rightfully exercise only those powers explicitly assigned to it Nowhere did the Constitution say anything about acquiring new territory. His advisors persuaded him that his treaty-making power under the Constitution would justify the purchase.

Lewis and Clark Expedition Meriweather Lewis William Clark Sacajawea

Mission: cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean Gather geological facts Investigate prospects for trade with Native Americans

Burr-Hamilton Duel--1804

The Burr Conspiracy Aaron Burr J. Wilkinson J. Marshall The Burr Conspiracy clearly indicated that the legitimacy of the federal government and the existence of the U. S. as a stable and united nation remained to be fully established.

Effects of Napoleon’s Continental System U. S. caught in the middle—both British and French policies violated U. S. neutrality

British impressment of American sailors British claimed the right to stop & search U. S. merchant ships and re-impress deserters. Violated own police that they would not touch native-born Americans

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Capt. Barron refused to allow British to search his navy frigate British attacked; U. S. sailors killed/wounded Barron surrendered Sailors removed Jefferson expelled all British warships from U. S. waters U. S. : British must renounce impressments

Embargo of 1807 Jefferson: embargo on exports to other countries Hurt U. S. business more than British Serious national depression Hardest hit: NE merchants & shipbuilders Congress lifted embargo 1809

Tecumseh Brother of Tenskwatawa the Prophet Leader of secular efforts (political and military) Recognized that only in united action could the tribes hope to resist the advance of white civilization. Set out to unite all the Native Americans of the Mississippi Valley

The Battle of Tippecanoe W. H. Harrison Disillusioned many of the Prophet’s followers; confederacy in disarray

Southerners and Florida Continuing threat to whites in Southern U. S. Slaves escaped across border Frequent Indian raids launched into Southern U. S. from Florida Rivers in FL could provide residents of the U. S. Southwest access to ports of the Gulf of Mexico Spain was Britain’s ally

War hawks. . . Henry Clay (KY) Speaker of House John C. Calhoun (SC) Demanded war with Great Britain

War of 1812

War of 1812 U. S. military unprepared for war; British preoccupied with war against France (Napoleon) Highlights of the War: U. S. attempts to invade Canada failed Tecumseh killed 1813 at Battle of the Thames (disheartened Native Americans of Northwest)

War of 1812 1813: Oliver Hazard Perry—defeated British fleet on Lake Erie U. S. also took control of Lake Ontario and burned York (Toronto)

War of 1812 British burn Washington D. C. in August 1814. Capitol and White House burned.

War of 1812 Battle of Fort Mc. Henry— Baltimore, MD Harbor Francis Scott Key Star Spangled Banner

War of 1812 January 8, 1815—American victory at Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson

War of 1812 January 8, 1815—American victory at Battle of New Orleans British: 700 KIA 1, 400 WIA 500 POW U. S. 8 KIA 13 WIA

Hartford Convention Federalist delegates from New England Hinted at secession Reasserted right of nullification Proposed 7 Amendments to the Constitution End of war: Federalist Party seemed futile, irrelevant and even treasonable Killed Federalist Party & ended first party syst.

Dec. 24, 1814—Treaty of Ghent War ends U. S. gave up demand for British renunciation of impressments and cession of Canada British: no Indian buffer state

Elbridge Gerrymandering

Forces that drew the nation together Remarkable economic growth Vigorous nationalism Memories of the Revolution Veneration of Constitution & framers Belief that America had a special destiny in the world Vibrant patriotism

July 4, 1826 50 th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson & Adams die about 2 hours apart

Need for 2 nd Bank of the U. S. Large number of state banks Many issued more notes than they had gold or silver to support A wide variety of banknotes, widely differing in value An unstable system of banking

Strengths of 2 nd Bank of the U. S. More capital than its predecessor Size and power enabled it to dominate the state banks It could compel them to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business

Francis Cabot Lowell Power loom Founded first mill in U. S. to carry on the process of spinning and weaving under one roof Lowell Mill, Waltham, MA

Tariff of 1816 Infant industries cried out for protection against British industries who unloaded manufactured goods in the U. S. priced below cost Protectionists—limited competition from abroad Against: Southern and western agricultural interests The theory of tariffs: what goes around comes around

National Road

Steam-powered shipping Great Lakes Mississippi and Ohio Rivers Up and down Stimulated agricultural economy of South & West Access to markets at reduced costs Eastern manufacturers ship finished goods west more easily

Internal transportation Calhoun: bill that would Have used funds owed to the government by the Bank of the U. S. to finance internal improvements Congress passed but Madison vetoed Thought a constitutional amendment necessary

Importance of westward movement of white pop. Profound effect on nation’s economy Vast new regions into the emerging capitalist system Great political ramifications Intermingling of cultures

Key factors drawing Americans westward Nation’s population doubled 1800 -1820 Most farmers but eastern lands now occupied South: limited opportunities for new settlers Native American population diminished

Cotton and the South Black Belt of central Alabama and Mississippi—a vast prairie with a dark, productive soil of rotted limestone At first, ordinary people Later, wealthier planters bought up the cleared or partially cleared land

Post-War of 1812 New States

William Becknell John Jacob Astor

Great American Desert

Era of Good Feelings Pres. James Monroe End of First Party System No major international threats Cabinet: included both northerners and southerners J. Q. Adams J. C. Calhoun Goodwill tour or nation Re-elected without opposition in 1820

The Virginia Dynasty Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe Springboard to the presidency? Secretary of State

Andrew Jackson in Florida Orders from Calhoun: “Adopt necessary measures” to stop raids by Seminoles Jackson invaded FL, Seized Spanish forts, & ordered the hanging of two British subjects on the charge of inciting and supplying Seminoles Adams: U. S. had the right under international law to defend itself against threats from across its borders

Panic of 1819 High foreign demand for U. S. farm goods High prices led to Land boom in West Fueled by speculation Land prices soared 1819: new management of Bank of U. S. tightened credit, called in loans and foreclosed on mortgages Many state banks failed Six years of depression

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise Tallmadge Amendment Missouri statehood bill Prohibit further introduction of slaves into MO Provided for gradual emancipation of those already there Southerners in Congress threatened to block Maine statehood

Missouri Compromise Henry Clay brokered the compromise Maine enters as a free state and Missouri as a slave state Senator Jesse B. Thomas of IL Amendment prohibiting slavery in remainder of Louisiana Territory north of southern boundary of Missouri (36 degrees, 30 feet north latitude)

Missouri Compromise

John Marshall Chief Justice 35 years Dominated court as no one else before or since Federalist among Republicans Molded the development of the Constitution Strengthened judicial branch at the expense of the legislative and executive branches Increased power of federal government over the states

Key Decisions of Marshall Court Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Johnson v. Mc. Intosh (1823) Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Monroe Doctrine U. S. protect profitable trade with South America Time of revolutions in South America 1822—U. S. established diplomatic relations with 5 new nations The U. S. would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of any existing American nation an unfriendly act

The Election of 1824 J. Q. Adams H. Clay Crawford Jackson

President John Quincy Adams Jacksonians in Congress prevented him from securing appropriations for his nationalist program (similar to American System) Diplomatic frustrations: delayed Panama Conference team due to objections by southerners due to Black delegates from Haiti Tariff of Abominations

The Election of 1828 Similar to the election of 2004