Japan Map Japanese Civilization 10 000

Japan Map

Japanese Civilization • 10, 000 - 300 BCE - Prehistoric period of tribal/clan organization Stone Age hunters and gatherers who make jomon (rope -patterned) pottery inhabit Japan • 660 BCE - Mythological Jimmu (Divine Warrior), descendant of sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, founds first Japanese empire • 300 BCE – 300 CE – Yayoi Perido - Rice cultivation, metalworking, and the potter's wheel are introduced from China and Korea • 100 -300 CE - Local clans form small political units

Japanese Religion - Shintoism • The most significant influences that arrived from Korea and China in Japan were in the realm of religion • Most important of all was the arrival of Buddhism • However the Japanese did have an indigenous religion, called Shinto • Shinto started out as a nature worship religion and evolved into a state religion of patriotic appreciation to the Japanese land itself • Shintoism also would include animism and ancestor worship • Shinto rituals could be performed in homes as well as in temples – allowing it to become a more personal religion • To an extent, the development of Shintoism was a reaction against foreign influence, especially that of China.

Japanese Religion - Shintoism • In the 7 th-8 th centuries, the Japanese wrote down their native myths and legends in a collection called Kojiki (Chronicles of Ancient Events) • In it are the creation myths and foundation of the Shinto religion • Shinto gods are called kami • Izanagi and Izanami were the first gods from whom all other gods descended • The most important of whom is Ameterasu, the sun goddess, who is considered the ancestor of all Japanese emperors

Japanese Art • • • Jomon Earthenware Pot 2000 BCE Japan Pottery Use of geometric patterns to create various impressions • Called Jomon (rope) because the patterns are rope-like in appearance

Japanese Art • • • Haniwa Figures 5 th – 4 th centuries BCE Japan Sculpture These figures were placed on the tops of graves • Each one representing the deceased below or his/her interests

Japanese Art • • • Horyu-ji Kondo 670 CE Nara, Japan Architecture Oldest wooden temple in Japan • Japanese favored lateral over linear movement and building are lined up left to right rather than one in front of the other

a. Horyu-jikondo

a. Phoenix Hall a 1053 C. E. a. Byodoin, Uji, Japan a. Architecture a. The Phoenix is the mythical bird that supposedly protects the Buddha a. Was originally a private villa converted into a temple during Heian Period

Japanese Art • • • Shaka Triad 623 CE Nara, Japan Artist: Tori Busshi Asuka Period The Buddha is flanked by 2 bodhisattvas sitting on a throne • Buddha’s name in Japan is Shakyamuni

Japanese Art • • • Tale of the Genji –Azumaya Chapter 12 th century CE Nagoya, Japan Illuminated manuscript Heian Hand scroll Emphasis on placement of figures, costumes and design

Japanese Art • • • Shokintei 1660 s Kyoto, Japan Architecture In the Katsura Palace Gardens • Named after the sound of the wind in the pines that surround it • This is a typical Japanese tea ceremony pavilion • Nature is a key part of Japanese aesthetics

Japanese Art • • Winter Landscape 1470 s Tokyo, Japan Painting Artist: Sesshu Ashikaga Period Harshness of pictorial style is characteristic of Sesshu’s work • Suggests the cold bitter mood of winter

Japanese Art • • • Daruma Meditating 1760 Japan Painting Artist: Hakuin Ekaku Attempt to capture the intensity of meditation

Japanese Art • • • Painting the Lips 1794 – 1795 CE Tokyo, Japan Painting/Relief Artist: Utamaro Kitagawa A wood block print meant for mass production • Since she has eyebrows she is an unmarried woman – most likely a courtesan

Japanese Art • The Great Wave off Kanagawa • 1831 • Tokyo, Japan • Painting/Relief • Artist: Hokusai Katsushika • Also a wood block print for reproduction • Depicts the power of nature, Mount Fuji can be seen in the distance – the symbol of Japan’s stability

Japanese Art • Temple of the Golden Pavilion • 1397 • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • Muromachi Period • Built as a retreat for the shogun Yoshimitsu and converted into a temple after his retirement • Named because parts of temple are covered with gold leaf

Japanese Art • • • Himeji Castle 1581 – 1609 Hyogo, Japan Architecture Living spaces and fortifications are combined into one space • Made of strong masonry made necessary by the introduction of firearms and cannons

Japanese Art • Garden of the Daisen-in Monastery • 16 th century • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • Artist: Kagaku Soku • Used as a place of meditation and assembly of Zen priests • Vertical rocks represent cliffs, horizontal stones represent embankments and bridges and trees in the back represent mountains

Japanese Erotic Art

Group Orientation • • • Kinship Bureaucracy Ie (household) system Group decision making Samurai spirit (loyalty)

Individual Expression • • • Arts Political and economic ambition Private property Individual rights Samurai spirit (self-discipline)

The establishment of Japanese kinship organization • Prehistoric Jomon and Yayoi cultures • Establishment of Uji (clan/family) based social and political organization • Yamato establishes first control over large area • Contact with Korea and China

The rise of the Samurai • The breakdown of imperial administration and land contro • The rise of the warrior bands • The Kamakura Shogunate (1192) • The Ashikaga Shogunate (1368) • The Warring States (14671573)

Social Stratification • Samurai and Nobility (Shi) • Farmers (No) • Craftsmen (Ko) • Merchants (Sho) • (Floating world (Ukiyo) people and Eta)

Yamato Period: 300 -710 Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: a a a Confucianism. Language (kanji characters). Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture. Government structure. “Great Kings” era

Prince Shotoku: 573 -621 a Adopted Chinese culture and Confucianism. a Buddhist sects allowed to develop. a Created a new government structure: § 17 Article Constitution in 604.

Heian Period: 794 -1156 Characteristics : a Growth of large landed estates. a Arts & literature of China flourished. a Elaborate court life [highly refined] § ETIQUETTE. a Personal diaries e The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10 c] a Great novel e The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs. +] a Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.

Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing 1. Chinese writing. 2. Chinese artistic styles. 3. Buddhism [in the form of ZEN]. 4. BUT, not the Chinese civil service system!

Heian Court Dress

The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (diary)

Tale of Genji (first novel)

Tale of Genji Scroll (first novel)

Lady Murasaki Shikibu She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

Minamoto Yoritomo Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185 -1333

The emperor reigned, but did not always rule! Feudal Society

Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Land -Shoen Protection Samurai Peasant Daimyo Loyalty Daimyo Samurai Peasant Loyalty Samurai Peasant Food Peasant

Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity

Seppuku: Ritual Suicide It is honorable to die in this way. Kaishaku – his “seconds”

Full Samurai Attire

Samurai Sword

Early Mounted Samurai Warriors

Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Europe: King Land -Fief Protection Lord Knight Peasant Loyalty Knight Peasant Food Peasant

Code of Chivalry * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility

Medieval Warriors vs. European knight Samurai Warrior

Medieval Warriors vs. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor

Zen Buddhism a A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China. a It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

Osaka Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Warwick Castle, England

The Age of the Warring States: (1467 - 1568) a Castles built on hills in different provinces. a Power shifts from above to below. a Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity. a Christianity & foreign trade flourish.

Oda Nobunaga (1534 -1582) a Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun. a Unifies a large part of Japan.

Catholic Jesuits in Japan St. Francis Xavier [First Catholic Missionaries in Asia]

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536 -1598) a Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions. a Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan. a Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 -1616) a Appointed shogun by the Emperor. a Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class! § Warriors. § Farmers. § Artisans. § Merchants.

Tokugawa Shogunate Period a Japan closed off to all trade a a a [except to the Dutch and Chinese]. § The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor. Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich! New art forms haiku poetry, kabuki theater.

a. Ancestor Worship a. Polytheism a. Hyp Natio ernalism a. Shinto a. Great r Creato a. The Worl d of th e kam i a. Minimize sin & guilt

Amaterasu : Sun Goddess

a. Wedded Rocks at Futami no Ura Union of Izanami & Izanagi

a. Tree kami surrounded by sacred boundaries

a. Torii Gate, Miyajima Island

a. Torii Gate in Winter

a. Torii Gate

a. A Tunnel of Torii Gates Inari Mt. , Kyoto

a. Torii Gong

a. Shinto Temple – “worship hall”

a. Shinto Priest

a. Traditional Shinto Wedding Today

a. Prayers, Thoughts, & Wishes at a Shinto Shrine

a. Memorials for the Unborn

a. Jizo Stones

a. Shinto Subway Shrine

a. Hot Sand Bath at Takegawara Onsen, Beppu a. Origins in the Nara Period (710 -794)

a. Japanese Baths a. Grandma & her grandson

a. Noh Theater : 8 -man chorus

a. Noh Theater a. The Play Aoi no Ue

a. Noh Theater a a. Traditional Weeping Gesture a Woman Heavenly Heavenl -being Demonness a Old Man

a. Kabuki Theater a. An interior of a Kabuki theater.

a. Bunraku Puppets

a. Bunraku Puppets

a. Chanoyu : Tea Ceremony

a. Tea Ceremony Equipment a. Green Tea

a A Japanese Tea Master

a A Japanese Tea House

a A Tea House Interior

a Origami : The Art of Japanese Paper Folding

a Origami : Modern Adaptations

a Calligraphy

a Calligraphy

a Haiku : 17 -syllable poem a. Spring departs. Birds cry Fishes' eyes are filled with tears. a. Matsuo Basho, Master of. Haiku

a. Ikebana : The Art of Japanese Flower Arranging e Tallest Heaven e Middle Man e Smallest Earth

a. Bonzai : A Unique Method of Meditation

a. Japanese Garden for Meditation

a. Japanese Zen Garden

a. Japanese Sand Garden

a. Miniature Rock/Sand Garden

a. Shinto in Modern Furniture a. Simplicity!

a. ARIGATO!