ITUC Asia Pacific Labour Network APLN Meeting Sydney 30/31 August 2007 Regional Trade and Free Trade Agreements
I. Asia-Pacific: Trade and production Platform
Asia-Pacific: • accounts for 20% of the world GDP. • generates 25% of global trade. • receives 18% of FDI.
Asian regional trade and production platform - Highlights : • Significant presence of intra-industry trade in intra-Asian exchanges. • Supported by significant vertical integration of the value chain with participation of multinational companies. • The trade boom occurs on the fringe of free trade regional agreements. • China’s central role as point of origin and destination of trade flows. • RTAs/FTAs reinforce this trend.
Asia-Pacific’s Presence in the World Economy Source: ECLAC
Strong productive transformation and realignment of Asian economies around China’s expansion ü Headed by China, Asian countries are entering the distribution chains of large multinationals that have settled in the region due to its low labor costs and China’s large potential market. ü For these companies, China is an option not only in the low-tech product sector but also in that of new state-ofthe-art technology products.
Current status of the process that started 15 years ago q 2010, #1 world power, displacing the USA and Germany. q 2015, accountable for 50% of world trade. q US pressure for adjustment of the Chinese currency exchange rate in order to reduce its trade gap. q USA filed WTO complaint against China for violations of intellectual property rights and trade restrictions. q Trade presence linked to multinational companies settled in China (EU, USA, Japan). q Nearly 450 of the 500 largest multinationals in the world have made investments in China. It is estimated that 2/3 of foreign businesses in China have made profits and that 2/5 of multinational companies have had profit margins larger than their global average. q 60% of all Chinese exports are handled by these multinationals; in the case of technology products, this number rises to 90%.
China and India Economic and Strategic Influence Ø Key factor in significant changes in the global demand level and structure. Ø China is the largest manufacturer in the world and the most rapidly growing market. Ø India is a world vendor of business processes, services and information technology. Ø Ø Significant source of financial resources to maintain international balances. Offer financing for infrastructure and energy. Ø In the world map of EAP: 2000 -2010: 10 million in Brazil and Mexico 62 million in China 93 million in India
China has turned into an export platform for its neighbors targeting the USA and EU LA & C compete with ASEAN, Australia and NZ Source: ECLAC nic n ctro ecisio ith ele w ry, nd pr iated s e in a e c ach ment asso ologi M ip n ts qu umen n tech e tr io ins rmat info China accumulates large surpluses in manufactured products with the USA and EU Source: : ECLAC
Asia-Pacific: Source and Destination of a Large Portion of Latin American Regional Trade Source: ECLAC
Latin America: Main Products Exported to China (% of total exports per country) Exports concentrated in natural resources except Mexico and CA Source: ECLAC
II. Regional and Free Trade Agreements
Facts and Figures: The proliferation of RTAs/FTAs can be attributed, among other factors, to: the slow progress of WTO negotiations, the relative sluggishness of regional integration processes and the bilateral search for market diversification: ü 325 RTAs/FTAs worldwide have been registered with the GATT / WTO. üOf these more than 200 have been signed over the last eleven years. üThe WTO estimates that in 2005 more than 51% of the world’s goods were traded under preferential agreements.
RTAs/FTAs Worldwide Source: WTO
Asia-Pacific Region ü Early ’ 90 s: the only existing preferential agreements were regional arrangements in the form of FTAs (ASEAN, ASEAN+3, Bangkok Agreement), customs unions (MERCOSUR) and the GSP. ü 1990 -1995: intra-regional trade was gradually liberalized within the framework of LAIA agreements in the Americas, ASEAN and APEC plurilateral agreements, and multilateral agreements (Uruguay Round). ü 1995 -2000: emergence of agreements with extra-regional trade partners such as the United States and Canada. ü 2000 -2006: dynamic growth of preferential trade and investment agreements: § FTA: United States-Australia-New Zealand, China, Japan, Singapore, India and Chile were the most active ones. § RTA: ASEAN+China, ASEAN+USA, Japan’s proposal was to create the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA), ASEAN+India. § At intra- and extra-regional level, basically the countries that were not dependent on trade with the USA. Different trade structures 40 RTAs/FTAs in APEC Region. impact on regional blocs
The “Noodle Bowl” Process in Asia-Pacific (expanded) ü Strongest momentum in the mid-90 s, though it did not originate in Asia. ü Several countries stop being reluctant to sign preferential agreements and join trade blocs: China, Japan, Rep. of Korea and the Taiwan Province of China start entering into bilateral and plurilateral agreements within and outside Asia-Pacific. ü 1976 -2006, over 150 trade agreements of different kinds recorded (Asia-Pacific, East Asia, Southern Asia and former Soviet Union countries). ü Except Mongolia, all Asia-Pacific countries have participated in at least one agreement.
The “Noodle Bowl” in Asia-Pacific Causes The need to speed up liberalization vis-à-vis the slow progress made in WTO and APEC negotiations. In APEC, no progress is made towards the Bogor goals and there are institutional weaknesses, such as: non-binding commitments, blurred objectives, too many members, too long an agenda, secretariat’s dysfunctional structure and now new competitors at a regional level (ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit, made up by ASEAN+6) Results from the “chain reaction”: any agreement involving one of the three giants (Japan, China and the Republic of Korea) will change the relative competitiveness of the companies exporting to signatory countries. This encourages exporting businesses from non-member countries to put pressure on their respective governments to join in the FTA race. The “chain reaction” is well illustrated by China’s proposal to sign an agreement with ASEAN, which was followed by similar offers to establish broad economic alliances by Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand.
Trends Growing agreement diversification: FTA/RTA/TIFA/TEF Map of agreements in Asia-Pacific: § 12 regional/plurilateral agreements § 57 FTA in force (TIFA, TEF, CER) § 27 agreements with completed negotiations § 39 under negotiation. § 18 under consideration üNorth-South Agreements: § FTA/TIFA/TEF: United States, Australia, New Zealand § Japan actively involved in the signing of trans-Pacific agreements with Thailand, Canada, South Korea, Chile, Peru, Mexico. RTAs: no progress in USA-ASEAN agreement; ASEAN agreements with China, India and South Korea; progress in ASEAN- Japan;
South-South Agreements: § FTA: Chile-Japan, Peru-China (FTA under consideration), Taiwan (2 FTAs with Honduras and El Salvador), Singapore (3 FTAs), Philippines, Thailand, Korea, China (has signed or is negotiating with 27 countries), India (agreements with Chile and MERCOSUR). § Proposal to create a Latin American Pacific free trade area made up by CAN countries and Chile. § Chile signed a FTA with Peru and invited it to join the P 4 (Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement- Brunei/Singapore/New Zealand). Chile is also finalizing negotiations with Colombia and has accepted to join CAN as an associate member. § Ecuador has stated its interest in joining APEC and has received support from Chile, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. § Costa Rica-China approach with a view to becoming an APEC member; broke off relations with Taiwan. § RTA: Chile-CAN, Chile-MERCOSUR, Russia-MERCOSUR, India. MERCOSUR, SACU-MERCOSUR; ASEAN strengthens links within its own free trade area and with MERCOSUR.
Impact of complex WTO negotiations: § EU shows interest in negotiating with Asian countries (India) and APEC members: South Korea (2 nd neg. round) with China, Japan and 10 Southeast Asian countries. § Switzerland begins studies for future negotiations with China, Japan, Canada and Thailand. § India signed FTA with New Zealand, Thailand, Japan (2 nd negotiation round), South Korea (began talks for a CEPA), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Canada and ASEAN. Also announces future agreements with China, Mexico, Brazil and South Africa. § Countries that have signed FTAs with the USA and are APEC members move closer to the US position on NAMA.
China 2001, started developing its trade agreements network with the signing of the Bangkok Agreement. 2006, concluded agreements or held negotiations with 32 countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Southern Pacific. Applies a pragmatic strategy; there is no one single model for all agreements. Agreements with Hong Kong and Macao incorporate disciplines and concrete rules, serving as instruments of trade diplomacy, as the “one country, two systems” model. Agreements with Australia and New Zealand incorporate general commitments regarding cooperation issues. Agreements with Pakistan, India, Chile and South Africa seen as diplomatic efforts to build or consolidate strategic alliances and guarantee the supply of natural resources.
ASEAN- China agreement seen as a diplomacy instrument to mitigate the growing competition between ASEAN countries and China in the field of trade and investments. Stepped enforcement: starting with the “early harvest” program and followed by the inclusion of other disciplines such as services, investment and trade facilitation measures, as in the agreement with ASEAN or with Chile. Several agreements exclude sensitive products and sectors such as the protection of intellectual property, sectoral liberalization, and labor and environmental issues. An important objective is to be recognized as a market economy by the FTA signatory countries.
Two Proposals Regarding the Creation of Large Economic Areas in Asia : q. Free Trade Area of Asia-Pacific within the sphere of APEC (FTAAP), supported by the USA, Australia, Canada, Japan, Chile and Mexico. Cons Pros q No consensus regarding its political feasibility. ü q Would imply an agreement with China. q Changes in APEC: move to binding liberalization commitments. q Contradicts the principle stated in Busan in 2005 regarding the fact that APEC should not be an inward-looking trade bloc but a bloc oriented to global free trade. q China and Japan interested in Asian regionalism. q Different approaches to the FTA scope. q P 4 (Chile/Singapore/Brunei/New Zealand) example of a trans-Pacific FTA, try to bring Mexico, Malaysia, Peru and Thailand on board). ü ü ü Proposed by ABAC (Chile 2004). Responds to the slow progress made in WTO negotiations, Responds to the “Noodle Bowl” effect, Tries to boost compliance with the Bogor Principles, Answers to the intra-regional agreements that would discriminate against Non Asian countries Tries to avoid polarization between Asia-Pacific countries.
q The second proposal relates to the creation of an intra -regional economic community: üASEAN+3 (the 10 ASEAN members plus China, Japan and the Republic of Korea). üASEAN+6 (Australia, New Zealand India).
ASEAN Agreements to establish a closer economic partnership with its most important trade partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand the Republic of Korea). Signed agreements that gave rise to various free trade areas, such as the broader economic partnership agreements with China, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea. 2004, established a Southern Asia free trade area that is expected to be fully operational by 2016. In 1997, regional economic cooperation was established for Central Asia. Currently negotiating an Asia-Pacific trade preference agreement to replace the 1975 Bangkok Agreement (Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement). the ASEAN+3 or ASEAN+6 agreements are considered to be a second wave of preferential trade agreements. AUGUST 24, MERCOSUR-ASEAN were working in Brasilia.
NETWORK OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS IN ASIA-PACIFIC
FTA/RTA: Early ´ 90 s Source: WTO
FTA/RTA: Early ´ 90 s
FTAs/RTAs and Economic Cooperation Forums in the Asia-Pacific Region 2007 EU Taiwan NAFTA China DR-CAFTA CARICOM Korea GCC SICA Philippines Thailand CAN Singapore TIFAs ASEAN Vietnam CSN SACU P 4 Chile. Peru NZ, Brunei Singapore Peru Japan MERCOSUR APEC more than 51% of the world’s goods were traded under preferential agreements
11 Regional Agreements associated with the Asia-Pacific Region AFTA ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade And Economic Cooperation Agreement Australia, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Samoa BANGKOK Bangkok Agreement Bangladesh, China, India, Republic of Korea, Laos, Sri Lanka PTN Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations among Developing Countries Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Romania, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia MSG Melanesia Spearhead Group Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement Canada, Mexico, United States CACM/SICA Central American Common Market Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua CAN Andean Community Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, MERCOSUR Southern Common Market Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay LAIA Latin American Integration Association Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela GSTP Global System of Trade Preferences among developing countries Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago,
Regional /Plurilateral Agreements Entry into Force Type of Agreement ASEAN 1967 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, created by the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos, Myanmar (1997), Cambodia (1998) AFTA 1992 ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN+3 1997 China/South Korea/Japan. East Asia Free Trade Area (EAFTA) ASEAN+China 2003 Free Trade Area: 2010 China /Brunei/Philippines/Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore/ Thailand , and in 2015 China/Vietnam/Laos/Myanmar/Cambodia. ASEAN-European Union 2003 Trans-Regional Trade Iniciative (TREATI) ASEAN-NZ/Australia 2005 (10 th round) FTA ASEAN-Korea 2005 Preferential Agreement ASEAN-USA 2005 Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) ASEAN-Japan 2007 (under negotiation-8 round) Comprenhensive Economic Partnership(AJCEP)Agreement ASEAN-India under negotiation APEC 1989 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (21 members) GSTP 1989 Preferential Agreement: Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Rep. of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, PTN 1973 Preferential Agreement: Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Turkey, Pakistan, Peru, Paraguay, Philippines, Rep. of Korea, Romania, Tunisia, Uruguay, Yugoslavia Bangkok Agreement China’s accession 1976 2002 Preferential Agreement (Bangladesh, China, India, Rep. /Korea, Laos, Sri Lanka) USA-Canada-Mexico 1994 FTA/Services Agreement Brunei, NZ, Chile, Singapore Nov 2006( in force) Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement CAN+Chile 1988/2006 Preferential Agreement
Bilateral Agreements Australia-New Zealand ANZCERTA/CER 1983/1989 Closer Economic Relations (CER) FTA/ Services Australia-Papua New Guinea PACTRA 1991 Trade and Commercial Relations Agreement Australia-Singapore SAFTA 2003 FTA Australia-China 2003 2005 (under negotiation-8 round) TEF FTA Australia-Japan 2003 2007(under negotiation-2 round) TEF Economic Partnership Agreement Australia-USA 2005 FTA/Services Agreement Australia-Indonesia 2005 (signed) TIFA Australia-Thailand TAFTA 2005 FTA/Services Agreement Australia -USA/AUSFTA 2004 signed (in force) FTA Australia–Malaysia 2005 (under negotiation-7 round)) FTA Australia/NZ -ASEAN 2005(under negotiation-10 round) FTA Australia-Gulf Cooperation Council Australia- Rep. Korea 2007 (under negotiation-2 round) 2006 (under consideration) FTA Australia-Chile 2007(under negotiation-1 round) FTA
Japan-Singapore JSEPA 2002 2007 signed Economic Partnership Agreement Protocol Amending Agreement for a New Age Economic Partnership (JSEPA) Japan-Korea 2003(suspended) FTA/Services Agreement Japan-Mexico 2005 Economic Partnership Agreement (Investment /Services) Japan-Chile 2007(in force-September 3) FTA/Economic Cooperation Agreement Japan- Canada 2005 2006 (under consideration) TEF Pursue a TIFA or FTA Japan-Malaysia 2005 (under negotiation) Economic Partnership Agreement Japan-Indonesia 2007 (signed-August) Economic Partnership Agreement Japan-Philippines 2006 FTA Japan-Thailand 2005 signed (2007 ratified by Parliament) FTA Japan-Vietnam 2007 (under negotiation- 4 round) Economic Partnership Agreement Japan- Brunei Darussalam 2007 signed Economic Partnership Agreement Japan-Gulf Cooperation Council (under negotiation) FTA
Japan- Switzerland 2007(under negotiation-2 round) Economic Partnership Agreement Japan- Australia 2007(under negotiation-2 round) Economic Partnership Agreement Japan-India 2007(under negotiation-3 round) Economic Partnership Agreement Japan-ASEAN 2007(under negotiation-8 round) Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP) Agreement Japan-Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA) 2006 PROPOSAL Establish trade and investment links between the ten-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the six other members of the East Asia Summit -- China, South Korea, Japan, India, Australia and New Zealand.
New Zealand-Australia 1983 CER New Zealand-Singapore 2001 (NZCEP) New Zealand-Hong Kong 2002 (suspended-5 round) CER New Zealand-China 2004 2005 (under negotiation-12 round) TEF FTA New Zealand-Malaysia 2005 (under negotiation-6 round) FTA New Zealand-Thailand 2005 Closer Economic Partnership (NZTCEP) Brunei/Chile/New Zealand/Singapore 2005(signed- in force) TRANSPACIFIC SEP New Zealand/Australia. ASEAN 2005(under negotiation-10 round) FTA New Zealand-Gulf 2007(under negotiation-2 round) Cooperation Council (GCC) FTA
Singapore-New Zealand 2001 Closer Economic Partnership (NZSCEP) FTA/ Services Agreement Singapore-Australia 2002 SAFTA Singapore-USA 2004 FTA Singapore--Panama 2006 FTA Singapore- Rep. of Korea 2005 signed FTA Singapore-Mexico 2000 (6 round of negotiations) FTA Singapore-Japan 2007 signed Protocol Amending Agreement for a New Age Economic Partnership (JSEPA) Singapore-China 2006 - (1 round of negotiations) FTA Singapore-Canada 2002 (3 round of negotiations) FTA Singapore- Pakistan 2005 (under negotiations) FTA Singapore-Gulf Cooperation Council 2006 (under negotiation) FTA
Singapore-ASEAN/Australia/New Zealand 2005 (under negotiation) FTA Singapore-Ukraine 2007 (launch negotiation) FTA Singapore- Brunei, NZ, Chile, Nov 2006 ( in force) Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement Singapore-Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway 2003 in force ESFTA Singapore-India Singapore-Jordania Singapore-Sri Lanka ( under consideration) Singapore-European Free Association 2003 in force ESFTA
Taiwan-Panama 2003 FTA Taiwan-Nicaragua 2006 signed FTA Taiwan-Honduras 2007 signed FTA Taiwan-El Salvador 2007 signed FTA Taiwan-Paraguay (under negotiation) FTA Taiwan-Rep Dominicana (under consideration) FTA Taiwan-Guatemala 2006 signed FTA Taiwan-Malaysia
Rep. of Korea-Chile 2004 in force KCFTA Rep. of Korea-European Free Trade Association 2006 in force EFTA Switzerland, Norway, Iceland Liechtenstein Rep. of Korea-Singapore 2006 in force KSFTA Rep. of Korea-USA 2007 (pending US Congress) FTA Rep. of Korea-Canada 2007 (under negotiations-10 FTA round) Rep. of Korea-India 2007 (under negotiations-6 round) CEPA Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
Rep. of Korea-China (under consideration) Rep. of Korea -Thailand (under negotiation) Rep of Korea -Malaysia (under consideration) Rep of Korea -ASEAN Rep of Korea MERCOSUR (under consideration)
Thailand-Australia 2005 FTA Thailand-New Zealand 2005 FTA Thailand-Peru 2005 signed 1 st phase of the FTA: “Protocol to Accelerate the Liberalization of Trade in Goods Thailand-United States 2005 (4 th round of negotiations) FTA on the basis of the TIFA Thailand-India 2007 signed 1 st phase of the FTA- Early Harvest Agreement Thailand-Japan 2005 signed (2007 ratified by Parliament) Thailand- Rep. of Korea 2006 under consideration Thailand-China 2006 under consideration Thailand-CER 2006 under consideration Thailand-Bahrein Under negotiation Thailand-Chile 2006 under consideration Thailand-MERCOSUR Under consideration
USA-Canada 1995 NAFTA USA-Mexico 1995 NAFTA USA-Brunei 2004 TIFA USA-Philippines 2004 TIFA USA-Indonesia 2004 TIFA USA-Chile 2004 FTA/Services Agreement USA-Singapore 2004 FTA/Services Agreement USA-Thailand 2004 TIFA USA-Australia 2004 signed (in force) FTA USA-Malaysia 2005 TIFA USA-Vietnam 2006 Agreement “in principle” for accession to WTO USA-Peru 2007 (pending US Congress) FTA USA- Rep. of Korea 2007 (pending US Congress) FTA USA- Taiwan (under consideration) FTA
Canada-Chile 1997 Canada-Singapore 2002 (3 rd round stand by) Canada-Korea 2004 (under negotiation-10 th FTA round) Canada-Japan 2005 2006 (under consideration) TEF FTA Canada –Colombia/Peru 2007 (under negotiation 1 round) FTA Canada –Economic Free 2007 signed Trade Association FTA EFTA Switzerland, Norway, Iceland Liechtenstein.
Chile-Mexico 1999 2006 FTA Agreement Expansion/Services Agreement Chile-Rep. Of Korea 2004 FTA/Services Agreement Chile-China 2006 (negotiation of expansion) FTA Services Agreement Chile-Peru 2006 (signed) FTA/Services Agreement Chile-Vietnam 2006 Under consideration FTA Chile-Thailand 2006 (under negotiation) FTA Chile-Japan 2007 FTA Chile-Colombia 2006 (pending in Congress) FTA Chile-Peru 2006 (pending in Congress) FTA Chile -Panama 2006 (pending in Congress) FTA Chile-India 2006 (pending in Congress) FTA Chile -Japan 2007 in force FTA Chile -Australia 2007 (under negotiation-1 round) FTA Chile -Malaysia 2007 (under negotiation-1 round) FTA Chile -Turkey 2007 (under consideration/study) FTA
Peru-Thailand 2005 signed FTA Peru-USA 2007 (pending US Congress) FTA Peru-China 2007 (under consideration in perspective APEC 2008) FTA Peru-European Free Trade Association 2007 (under negotiation-1 round) EFTA Switzerland, Norway, Iceland Liechtenstein. Peru-India 2007 (under consideration) FTA Peru-Singapore (under negotiations)
NAFTA 1995 in force FTA USA-Canada. Mexico-Chile 1999 in force FTA Mexico-Peru 1995 in force Economic Complementarity Agreement Mexico-Singapore 2000 (6 th round of negotiations) FTA Mexico-Japan 2005 in force FTA Mexico-Rep. Of Korea under negotiation
Philippines-China 1975 Philippines-Korea 1975 Philippines-Indonesia 1975 Philippines-Russia 1976 Philippines-New Zealand 1977 Philippines-Korea 1978 Philippines-Vietnam 1978 Philippines-United States 1979 Philippines-Thailand 2000 Philippines- Japan 2006 Philippines- Pakistan Under consideration Laos-Thailand 1991 Philippines has a model trade agreement approved by the TRM Cabinet Committee for purposes of negotiating trade accords with other countries. Preferential Agreement
China-India 2003 2004 under consideration Bangkok Agreement FTA China-Hong Kong 2004 Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) China-Macao 2004 Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) China-Peru 2004 talks Comprehensive Cooperation Partnership China-Pakistan 2005 FTA “Early Harvest” Program China-Chile 2006 Partial Scope Agreement China-Fiji 2006 Economic Cooperation Agreement China- New Zealand 2006 negotiations 12 th round of negotiations of FTA China, Australia, Japan, South Korea 2006 under Pan-Asia Trade Deal consideration China-South American Customs Union (SACU) 2004 under consideration RTA (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland) China-India 2004 under consideration FTA China-Singapore under negotiation FTA
China-Iceland 2006 consideration stage completed China-Gulf Cooperation Council China-EU RTA (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, Kuwait. Oman, Qatar) 2006 proposal China-Thailand China-Rep of Korea China-ASEAN FTA (under consideration) New 'Partnership and Cooperation Agreement'. Updating a 1985 bilateral cooperation accord to focus more on trade and investment, the new agreement will attempt to go beyond China's WTO commitments to open additional sectors of its economy to foreign competition.
Non APEC Member India-Bangkok Agreement 1976 Preferential Agreement (Bangladesh, China, India, Rep. of Korea, Laos, Sri Lanka ) India-South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) 1995 RTA India-Thailand 2003 FTA “Early Harvest” Program India-ASEAN 2004 Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement “Early Harvest” Program” India-MERCOSUR 2004 Preferential Agreement seeking to become a FTA. India/Bangladesh/Myanmar/Sri Lanka/Thailand 2004 Framework Agreement India-SAFTA 2004 RTA (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) India- Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) 2002 under negotiation Framework Agreement - draft agreed on in 2004 India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 2006 under negotiation RTA 1 st round India-China 2004 under consideratio n FTA, they have agreed to sign the agreement in 2007 India-EU 2007 Have agreed to step up efforts towards a "broad-based" bilateral trade and investment pact, aiming to conclude a deal by 2009
India-Singapore 2005 Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) India-Chile 2006 under ratification Partial Scope Preferential Agreement India-Egypt FTA India-Indonesia Memorandum of understanding to begin studies. India-Japan 2006 under negotiation FTA India-Malaysia 2005 under consideration Cooperation Agreement India-Peru 2006 under negotiation Preferential Agreement similar to that of Chile India- Rep. of Korea 2006 under consideration FTA
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