IT S STORY TIME UNIT 10 COLD WAR

IT’S STORY TIME ! UNIT 10 COLD WAR & POSTWAR AMERICA 1945 -1960 Part 1 – Origins of the Cold War Part 2 – The Early Cold War Years Part 3 – The Cold War & American Society Part 4 – Eisenhower’s Policies Part 5 – Truman & Eisenhower Part 6 – The Affluent Society Part 7 – Popular Culture of the 1950’s Part 8 – The Other Side of American Life

AMERICANS are ready for CHANGE in 1952! TRUMAN’s FOREIGN POLICY was NOT working… working - SOVIET UNION acquired ATOMIC BOMB & consolidated its hold on E. EUROPE. - CHINA had fallen to COMMUNISM. - AMERICAN troops fought in KOREAN WAR. TRUMAN decided… decided = he would NOT run again for PRESIDENT

ELECTION of 1952 • DEMOCRATS chose Adlai STEVENSON • The Republicans chose Dwight D. EISENHOWER • EISENHOWER won by a landslide

ELECTION of 1952 • EISENHOWER, WWII war hero, won huge victory. • AMERICANS felt like they could trust him. • EISENHOWER believed… key to winning COLD WAR depended on STRONG ECONOMY. – Would show world that FREE ENTERPRISE, CAPITALISM = prosperous society. – Would keep COMMUNISTS from gaining support in U. S.

THE NATION’S ECONOMY • Eisenhower believed that the key to victory in the COLD WAR was not only military might but also a strong ECONOMY. • The U. S. had to show the world that FREE ENTERPRISE could produce the most prosperous society. • ECONOMIC PROSPERITY would prevent COMMUNISTS from gaining support in the U. S.

The NEED for ATOMIC WEAPONS • Large-scale CONVENTIONAL WAR would cost too much money—bad for the economy. • DEFENSE POLICY needed a change. • Instead of maintaining a large & expensive army, the nation must use ATOMIC WEAPONS in all forms.

Pres. EISENHOWER confronted many FOREIGN POLICY issues = during his 2 terms = long MILITARY CAREER made him extremely well equipped to handle INTERNATIONAL problems & world leaders 8

2 NATIONS LIVE on the EDGE • EISENHOWER’s “NEW LOOK” foreign policy • MASSIVE RETALIATION • SPUTNIK CRISIS • DULLES – LIBERATION, BRINKMANSHIP & MASSIVE RETALIATION POLICIES • KOREAN WAR ENDS & TAIWAN CRISIS • MIDDLE EAST; SUEZ CONFLICT • CIA – MIDDLE EAST; Iran & LATIN AMERICA; Guatemala • SOVIET AGGRESSION in HUNGARY • 1960 PARIS SUMMIT CONFERENCE • U-2 INCIDENT 9

Pres. EISENHOWER “NEW LOOK” introduced foreign policy 2 GOALS… GOALS “LIBERATION” - roll back COMMUNISM & liberate CAPTIVE PEOPLE = increase MILITARY PRESENCE in balance WORLD BUDGET by decreasing… decreasing MILITARY SPENDING seems = “seems” CONTRADICTORY ! 10

“NEW LOOK” foreign policy • The U. S. could NOT contain COMMUNISM by fighting a series of SMALL WARS • SMALL WARS had to be prevented from happening in the first place NEW POLICY = MASSIVE RETALIATION - threaten to use NUCLEAR WEAPONS if a COMMUNIST state tried to seize territory by force. - need to increase America’s NUCLEAR arsenal !

“NEW LOOK” foreign policy Pres. EISENHOWER & Sec. State DULLES planned to meet GOALS by… = greater reliance AIR POWER onbuild-up AIR FLEET of SUPERBOMBERS equipped with NUCLEAR BOMBS (SAC- Strategic Air thought it would be CHEAPER than Command) conventional forces = ARMY & NAVY relegated to back seat believed NUCLEAR WEAPONS would 12 major deterrent to COMMUNIST be… =

ADVANTAGES of “NEW LOOK” policy thought to be… paralyzing FEAR of NUCLEAR ATTACK + cheaper PRICE TAG when compared to FORCES CONVENTIONAL MASSIVE RETALIATION =“more BANG for the BUCK” BUCK 13

Q-50 Pres. EISENHOWER’s “NEW LOOK” FOREIGN POLICY in the 1950’s was based on the belief that the best way to “contain” COMMUNISM was to… to = threaten MASSIVE RETALIATION

GENEVA SUMMIT, July 1955 U. S. meets w-SOVIET UNION in… = 1 st “EAST-WEST” SUMMIT CONFERENCE since WWII KHRUSHCHEV aware of… EISENHOWER’s “NEW LOOK” foreign policy U. S. build-up AIR FLEET of SUPERBOMBERS equipped with NUCLEAR BOMBS (SAC - Strategic Air KHRUSHCHEV knew that… Command) EISENHOWER planned to use NUCLEAR WEAPONS as major deterrent to… SOVIET-COMMUNIST EXPANSION ! 15

WARSAW PACT 1955 – WEST GERMANY allowed REARM & join = SOVIET UNION grew FEARFUL NATO to formed its own… MILITARY DEFENSE ALLIANCE = with… EASTERN EUROPEAN SATELLITE NATIONS under its control 16

WARSAW PACT = formed by… SOVIET UNION (USSR) = in response to/to counter… NATO in EUROPE MAY 1, 1955 “TREATY of FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION and MUTUAL ASSISTANCE” between PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA HUNGARIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC RUMANIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 17 & CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC

18

WARSAW PACT 19

COLD WAR takes to the SKIES ! 20

AMERICA’S NEW WEAPONS • B-52 bomber—designed to fly across continents & drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world. • Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) —could deliver bombs anywhere in the world. • Submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles

ICBM – Intercontinental Ballistic Missile 1957 - NEW WORD = ICBM or INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE entered WORLD’S VOCABULARY. = NUCLEAR BOMB CARRYING MISSILES with RANGES of over 5, 000 MILES. = NO LOCATION on EARTH SAFE from NUCLEAR DESTRUCTION 1 st U. S. ATLAS ICBM U. S. S. R. = 1 st to SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH ICBM 22

Sputnik • Oct. 4, The SPACE RACE was 1957 initially dominated by the SOVIETS • On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the Sputnik world’s first artificial satellite • Sputnik traveled around earth at 18, 000 miles an hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes

SPACE AGE BEGAN ON OCT. 4, 1957 WHEN THE SOVIETS LAUNCHED SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS, BELIEVED TO BE TECHNOLOGICALLY BACKWARD, WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE. SPUTNIK RADIO BROADCAST FROM SPACE 24

SOVIET LAUNCH of SPUTNIK considered to be “WAKE-UP CALL” to AMERICANS because it was viewed as a sign… sign = Q-51 that the U. S. was falling behind SOVIET UNION in MISSILE TECHNOLOGY !

SUCCESSFUL LAUNCHING of SOVIET SATELLITE “SPUTNIK” in Oct. 1957 led to… to ALARM that U. S. was falling behind SOVIET UNION in MISSILE TECHNOLOGY creation of NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration passage of NDEA - National Defense Education Act = increased FEDERAL $$FUNDS for EDUCATION & TRAINING in SCIENCE, MATH and FOREIGN LANGUAGES increased COMPETITION between U. S. & SOVIET UNION in SPACE PROJECTS Q-52

NASA National Aeronautics & Space Administration • Members of CONGRESS NASA — created to feared that the nation coordinate research in was falling behind in ROCKET SCIENCE scientific research & SPACE EXPLORATION & created NASA

28

THE US DID NOT GET AN OBJECT INTO ORBIT UNTIL JANUARY OF 1958 AFTER SEVERAL EMBARRASSING FAILURES. THE SPACE RACE WAS ON. 29

ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR BOMB TESTS WERE POISONING THE ATMOSPHERE WITH DEADLY RADIOACTIVITY THAT WAS SHOWING UP IN MILK AND OTHER FOODS. IN MARCH OF 1958 RUSSIA SUSPENDED ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOLLOWED BY THE U. S. AND 30 BRITAIN IN OCTOBER.

EISENHOWER DOCTRINE MASSIVE RETALIATION BRINKMANSHIP REMEMBER – during “periods of CRISIS” it is typical to see an INCREASE in… = PRESIDENTIAL POWER ! 31

BRINKMANSHIP • By the time both countries had H-BOMB (1953), Pres. Dwight D. EISENHOWER & his Sec. of State John Foster DULLES made it clear they were willing to use all military force (including nuclear weapons) to stop aggression. • The SOVIETS followed suit. • This willingness to go to the edge of ALL-OUT WAR became known as… as = BRINKMANSHIP Some AMERICANS created shelters in their backyards in response to this FEAR of NUCLEAR ATTACK

EISENHOWER’s SEC. of STATE until 1959 (when resigned due to ILLNESS) CRITIC of TRUMAN’S = had been John Foster DULLES DOCTRINE of CONTAINMENT argued should be replaced by … = POLICY of “LIBERATION” roll back COMMUNISM & liberate CAPTIVE PEOPLES DULLES practiced “BRINKMANSHIP” BRINKMANSHIP = which he defined as… “The ABILITY to go to the BRINK, or EDGE, of WAR 33

“You have to take chances for peace, just as you must take chances in war… If you are scared DULLES 34

ARMS RACE = COMPETITION-RACE between U. S. & USSR to “outdo” &/or “keep up with” # of WEAPONS - especially NUCLEAR – held by the other country 35

BRINKMANSHIP in ACTION • EISENHOWER ended KOREAN WAR by hinting to CHINESE government that we would use NUCLEAR BOMBS. • KOREAN ARMISTICE was signed in July of 1953.

BRINKMANSHIP in ACTION TAIWAN CRISIS • CHINESE COMMUNISTS threatened to take over islands off CHINA that were controlled by CHINESE NATIONALISTS, including TAIWAN. • EISENHOWER threatened to use NUCLEAR BOMBS to stop the invasion. • Considered TAIWAN an “ANTI-COMMUNIST” BARRIER. • CHINA stopped shelling the islands.

BRINKMANSHIP in ACTION MIDDLE EAST; ISRAEL & SUEZ CRISIS U. S. S. R. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV became LEADER of SOVIET UNION after STALIN’S DEATH-March 1953. Denounced CRIMES of STALIN in FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH & set out to REFORM USSR. Although advocated “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” there were several SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS between 2 SUPER POWERS while he was in office. 1956 - announced in UN SPEECH that… “WE (U. S. S. R. ) WILL 38 BURY YOU (U. S. )”

May 14, 1948 (after WWII) UN created by partitioning NATION of ISRAEL PALESTINE into 2 STATES -one JEWISH & one ARAB NOTE – 1, 000’s JEWS had immigrated to PALESTINE from EUROPE before & during WWII. ISRAEL became “PROMISED LAND” they had been seeking since BIBLICAL TIMES. CREATION of ISRAEL = 1 of few issues that U. S. & SOVIET UNION agreed on ! - BOTH voted in FAVOR – = WORLD reacted uniformly 39 to HORROR that had befallen JEWS in the HOLOCAUST

May 14 th, 1948 ISRAEL declared its… = INDEPENDENCE 5 ARAB STATES immediately invaded ! GOAL = destroy NEWLY CREATED JEWISH STATE = ISRAEL defeats ARAB ATTACKERS! MUFTI & HITLER during WWII The MUFTI of JERUSALEM, HAJ AMIN AL HUSSEINI, stated… "I DECLARE A HOLY WAR, MY MOSLEM BROTHERS! MURDER THE JEWS! 40 MURDER THEM ALL!"

Turkey Iran Mediterranean Sea S yria Leba non ISRAEL ARABS ISRAELIS Iraq = ongoing Kuwait S Arabia audi Red Sea between & Jordan E gypt CONFLICT THEME in FOREIGN RELATIONS of US during COLD WAR & beyond. Because of 1948 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR approx. 500, 000 ARABS fled ISRAEL & many remain REFUGEES TODAY hoping to return to their FORMER HOMES. Also estimated that as many as 800, 000 JEWS forced to leave 41 ARAB COUNTRIES during 1940’S & ‘ 50’S. = MOST of these REFUGEES absorbed into ISRAEL.

BRINKMANSHIP in ACTION The SUEZ CRISIS • In Middle East, EISENHOWER was trying to keep ARAB nations from aligning w-USSR. • U. S. offered to help EGYPT pay for dam on the Nile river. • Withdrew offer after discovering EGYPT bought weapons from COMMUNIST CZECHOSLOVAKIA. • EGYPTIAN troops seized the SUEZ CANAL to use it’s profits to pay for the dam.

SUEZ CRISIS 1955 – U. S. & GREAT BRITAIN agreed to help EGYPT finance construction of… ASWAM DAM on NILE RIVER GAMAL ABDUL NASSER – leader of EGYPT began strengthen TIES w-COMMUNIST countrie = U. S. & GREAT BRITAIN withdrew offer ! ANGRY ! NASSER = seized SUEZ CANAL ! - located in EGYPT but FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN “owned” by… 43

BRITISH & FRENCH furious ! - BRITAIN & FRANCE feared NASSAR might close CANAL ISRAEL also angry at EGYPT - EGYPT had been making “terrorist raids” into ISRAEL NASSAR GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE & join forces ISRAEL SUEZ CANAL Oct. 195 = EGYPT 6 invade 44

BRITAIN, FRANCE & ISRAEL = seized SUEZ CANAL from Oct. -Nov. 1956 USSR – EGYPT’s ally – threatened use U. missiles against BRITAIN & S. issues STRONG FRANCE WARNING = will NOT tolerate such action PRESSURE from U. S. & “CEASE-FIRE” imposed by UN = TROOPS forced WITHDRAW (March 1957) = marked “TURNING POINT” in HISTORY as BALANCE of POWER Also hastened END of… shifted away from = COLONIALISM BRITAIN & FRANCE - BRITAIN & FRANCE soon 45 toward 2 NEW WITHDREW from their remaining

BRINKMANSHIP in ACTION CONCLUSION of… The SUEZ CRISIS • Remember, U. S. was ready w-NUCLEAR WEAPONS • ARAB NATIONS began accepting SOVIET help because they supported EGYPT.

During late 1900’s, U. S. POLICIES toward MIDDLE EAST based on belief/assumption that the U. S. needed to… to = support DEMOCRATIC governments … & = oppose NON-DEMOCRATIC … govern’s 47

Too late, U. S. came to see that DOCTRINE of “BRINKMANSHIP” -“MASSIVE-RETALIATION”= futile of NUCLEAR - “THREAT” to keep ANNIHILATION the PEACE = made NO SENSE ! = very expensive that balancing - EISENHOWER discovered budget by NUCLEAR BOMBS supposedly cost less $$$, was in cutting “military spending” because BELIEF 48 fact that… = NOT TRUE !

U. S. & DULLES with POLICY of for =criticized for… MASSIVE RETALIATION INTENSIFYING the COLD WAR & DAMAGING RELATIONS with NEUTRAL as well as COMMUNIST NATIONS 49

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY • As COLD WAR heated up, the U. S. depended more and more on information compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U. S.

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY • EISENHOWER believed that the way to STOP DEVELOPING NATIONS from moving toward COMMUNISM was to provide them with $$$FINANCi. AL AID. • However, where the THREAT of COMMUNISM was stronger, EISENHOWER began using the CIA-Central Intelligence Agency to prevent COMMUNIST UPRISINGS. • CIA placed in DEVELOPING NATIONS (nations that depended on agriculture). • To keep these countries from allying w-USSR, the CIA removed ANTI-AMERICAN LEADERS & replaced them w-PRO-AMERICAN leaders.

CIA CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY = used SPIES to gather = INFORMATION ABROAD (in other COUNTRIES) carried out COVERT ACTIONS - secret operations to WEAKEN or OVERTHROW GOVERNMENTS 52

CIA’s 1 st COVERT ACTION IRAN took place (Middle in… East) East BACKGROUND - As IRANIAN ECONOMY faltered U. S. feared that PRIME MINISTER Mossadegh 1953 – U. S. persuaded SHAH (MONARCH might turn to SOVIETS for of IRAN) help to = IRANIANS stayed LOYAL to more replace MOSSADEGH w-someone favorable to WEST PRIME = SHAH MINISTER Mossadegh fled ! 53

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY • In IRAN, the CIA organized street riots when IRANIAN Prime Minister Mossadegh forced PRO-AMERICAN SHAH of IRAN into exile. Prime Minister Mossadegh The last Shah of IRAN Mohammad Reza Pahlavi • The CIA then arranged a COUP that got rid of Mossadegh and returned the SHAH to power in 1953.

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY Covert Operations in LATIN AMERICA • In 1954, the CIA also took covert actions in GUATEMALA (a Central America country just south of Mexico) • The U. S. believed GUATEMALA was on verge of becoming COMMUNIST, so CIA trained an army which invaded the small country

CIA COVERT ACTION in GUATEMALA (Central … America) America BACKGROUND – Pres. EISENHOWER believed GUATEMALA’s GOVERNMENT, headed by JACABO ARBENZ GUZMAN, had given more than 200, 000 acres of had COMMUNIST SYMPATHIES AMERICAN-OWNED LAND to PEASANTS … = trained ARMY, invaded GUATEMALA, captured = ACTIONS eventually failed when ARMY’s GUZMAN Carlos LEADER, ARMAS became…“MILITARY 56 through help of U. S. ! DICTATOR” CIA

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY 1953 STALIN died leaving a power vacuum in USSR.

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY • KHRUSHCHEV made “secret speech” to SOVIET LEADERS about spreading COMMUNISM. • CIA obtained copy of SPEECH & with EISENHOWER’s permission arranged for it to be broadcast across EASTERN EUROPE. • SPEECH discredited COMMUNISM, increased E. EUROPEANS frustration with COMMUNIST RULE. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV became new USSR leader in 1956.

As part of “NEW LOOK” LOOK = THAWING in COLD WAR ! Pres. EISENHOWER also sought… proposed “OPEN SKIES” SKIES … over both U. S. & USSR = allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against NUCLEAR SOVIET UNION rejected this ATTACKS. “U. S. trick” to learn proposal ! it was = feared where SOVIETS were keeping their we 59

SOVIET UNION - KHRUSHCHEV’s reply to “ is a very transparent “this OPEN SKIES”… = espionage device… You could hardly expect us to take this seriously. ” EISENHOWER comes back to U. S. = empty-handed ! NOTE- Although WORLD hailed MTG. as “spirit of GENEVA” - seemed to promise “movement toward peace”- 60

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY • June 1956, RIOTS began in EASTERN EUROPE • Late October 1956: full-scale UPRISING in HUNGARY had begun. • The REBELLION was crushed by the USSR when they sent in tanks. • KHRUSHCHEV reasserts SOVIET POWER & superiority of COMMUNISM KHRUSHCHEV had previously supported “peaceful coexistence” with CAPITALISM. = NOW accuses CAPITALIST COUNTRIES of starting a “feverish ARMS RACE”.

For short time it had appeared that REVOLT might succeed. - HUNGARY appealed “in vain” to UNITED STATES for AID ! Nov. 4 th- SOVIET TANK ARMIES invaded & crushed HUMGARIAN REBELLION Embittered HUNGARIAN FREEDOM FIGHTERS accused U. S. of “welshing” when chips are down. REMEMBER - SIMILAR 1952 REVOLT in POLAND had also ended in DEFEAT. U. S. = did NOTHING to HELP either of ANTI-COMMUNIST REVOLTS despite EISENHOWER & DULLES’s “LIBERATION” POLICY ! WHY didn’t U. S. get involved? involved BOTTOM LINE for U. S… U. S = NOT worth NUCLEAR WAR with USSR ! 62

BRINKMANSHIP in ACTION Late 1958, KHRUSHCHEV demanded U. S. , GREAT BRITAIN, & FRANCE withdraw their TROOPS from WEST BERLIN ! EAST BERLIN WEST BERLIN • Sec of State DULLES rejected Khrushchev’s demands • If SOVIETS threatened BERLIN = NATO would respond, respond “if need be by MILITARY FORCE” ! BRINKMANSHIP worked = KHRUSHCHEV backed down !

FIGHTING COMMUNISM COVERTLY U-2 PLANES • In the late 1950 s, CIA began secret SPY on SOVIETS high-altitude spy missions over Soviet territory • The U-2’s infra-red cameras took detailed pictures of Soviet troop movements & missile sites

The U-2 INCIDENT, 1960 AFTER MAJOR CONFRONTATION BETWEEN U. S. & U. S. S. R. IN 1958 OVER BERLIN, BOTH NATIONS DECIDED TO HOLD A SUMMIT MEETING IN PARIS IN MAY, 1960. ON MAY 1, 1960, 2 WEEKS BEFORE THE PLANNED SUMMIT, A U. S. U-2 SPY PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER U. S. S. R. IT’S PILOT, FRANCIS GARY POWERS, PARACHUTED INTO SOVIET TERRITORY, WAS CAPTURED, PUT ON TRIAL & SENTENCED TO 10 YRS. IN PRISON. U-2 RECONNAISSSANCE “SPY” PLANES had been flying SECRET MISSIONS over USSR since 1955 65

CONTINUING TENSIONS 1960, U-2 INCIDENT AT FIRST… EISENHOWER believing PILOT was dead, denied allegations & claimed that aircraft was a “weather plane” that had strayed off course. KHRUSHCHEV then dramatically produced the pilot ! EISENHOWER refused to apologize, saying the flights had protected AMERICAN SECURITY. IN RESPONSE… = KHRUSHCHEV left PARIS before SUMMIT MEETING started! PILOT Francis Gary POWERS was put on TRIAL in MOSCOW. He was convicted & given a 10 -year PRISON TERM but in 1962 he was EXCHANGED for a captured SOVIET spy Rudolf Abel &

Q-53 1960 PARIS SUMMIT broke down before it really got started because… because = Pres. EISENHOWER did not offer Soviet Premier KHRUSHCHEV an adequate apology for the U-2 SPY PLANES flown over SOVIET TERRITORY

What’s so funny? 1960 Premier KHRUSHCHEV = gloats over “HONEST” IKE’s discomfort as he’s caught red-handed SPYING over SOVIET TERRITORY 68

CONTINUING TENSIONS PRES. EISENHOWER LEFT OFFICE amid HEIGHTENED TENSIONS & FAILED PEACE EFFORTS with the SOVIET UNION. • EISENHOWER blamed himself for failure to ease COLD WAR TENSIONS during his tenure. • Because of U-2 INCIDENT, 1960 s opened w-TENSION between 2 superpowers - U. S & SOVIET UNION as great as ever ! “I confess I lay down my official responsibility in this field with a definite sense of disappointment…. I wish I could say that a lasting peace is in sight. ”