IT S STORY TIME UNIT 10 COLD WAR

IT’S STORY TIME ! UNIT 10 COLD WAR & POSTWAR AMERICA 1945 -1960 Part 1 – Origins of the Cold War Part 2 – The Early Cold War Years Part 3 – The Cold War & American Society Part 4 – Eisenhower’s Policies Part 5 – Truman & Eisenhower Part 6 – The Affluent Society Part 7 – Popular Culture of the 1950’s Part 8 – The Other Side of American Life

The 1950 s: - an ERA of “CONFLICTING” CONDITIONS & EMOTIONS “Fear, Anxiety, Anger, Alienation, Social Unrest” Fear of Communism: 2 nd “Red Scare”, Mc. Carthyism Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing: 1946 -1962 U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada. as well as… “Incredible Prosperity, Affluence, Opportunities, Rock’n’Roll, Conformity, Complacency”

The AMERICAN DREAM in the FIFTIES • After WWII ended, Americans turned their attention to their families and jobs • New businesses and technology created opportunities for many • By the end of the 1950 s, Americans were enjoying the highest standard of living in the world Ozzie and Harriet reflected the perfect American family

The Affluent Society • Economist John Kenneth GALBRAITH wrote… The Affluent Society • In the past, all societies had… an “economy of scarcity”; lack of resources & overpopulation = limits economic productivity • U. S. & other INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS had created… an “economy of abundance”; abundance” abundance of goods & services allowed people to enjoy a life they never thought was possible!

The SPREAD of WEALTH Between 1940 -1960 • AVERAGE INCOME of American families roughly tripled (3 x’s); (3 x’s) all income brackets (poor, middle-class & wealthy) experienced rapid rise in income. • Dramatic rise in HOME OWNERSHIP; OWNERSHIP from 43% to 62%

THE 50’s ARE REMEMBERED AS A TIME WHEN THE MAJORITY OF AMERICANS EXPERIENCED PROSPERITY, STABILITY & CONFIDENCE IN THE FUTURE. MORE AMERICANS BEGAN TO CONSIDER THEMSELVES PART OF THE MIDDLE CLASS AS CLASS DISTINCTIONS BLURRED. 6

REASONS for the UNPRECEDENTED POST-WAR PROSPERITY PENT UP DEMAND FOR CONSUMER GOODS BROUGHT ABOUT BY WWII SHORTAGES. THE NUMBER OF CARS PRODUCED QUADRUPLED (4 x’s) & CHEAP MORTGAGES LED TO A RAPID EXPANSION OF HOME CONSTRUCTION. INCREASED DEFENSE SPENDING TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COLD WAR. THE MARSHALL PLAN LED TO A HUGE EXPANSION IN EXPORTS. FULLY 2/3 OF AMERICANS QUALIFIED AS MIDDLE CLASS IN THE POSTWAR ERA. NOTE- IN THE 1920’s LESS THAN 1/3 COULD BE CONSIDERED MIDDLE CLASS. 7

The SPREAD of WEALTH Between 1940 -1960 Accompanying our ECONOMIC GROWTH were… • Dramatic changes in WORK ENVIRONMENTS; ENVIRONMENTS MECHANIZATION in FARMS & FACTORIES = fewer farmers & laborers needed to provide FOOD & GOODS = white-collar jobs/workers (sales & management) outnumbered blue-collar workers UNION MEMBERSHIP WAS IMPACTED AS THERE WERE LESS UNION JOBS BEING CREATED

AUTOMATION of many industries = began trend away from manufacturing jobs to sales & service occupations. = led to some dislocation as workers had to move or retrain to learn new skills. ROBOTS real & pretend 9

MECHANIZATION (AUTOMATION) changed AMERICAN WORKPLACE after WWII by… by increasing # of WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS & keeping PRODUCTION HIGH = Q-64

The FACTOR considered to be the MOST RESPONSIBLE for the EMPLOYMENT TREND depicted in the chart is the… the increasing use of = TECHNOLOGY Q-65

BOOMING “SERVICE” SECTOR Most dynamic area of ECONOMY in POST-WWII ERA = SERVICES displaced MANUFACTURING WOMEN made up majority of NEW WORKERS in OFFICES, CLASSROOMS, SALES FLOORS & HOSPITAL WARDS 12

The SPREAD of WEALTH GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, THE TOTAL OUTPUT OF ALL GOODS AND SERVICES, ROSE 250% BETWEEN 1945 AND 1960. THE U. S. , WITH JUST 6% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION, PRODUCED HALF OF THE WORLDS GOODS AND PRODUCTS AND CONSUMED ALMOST 1/3 rd OF THE WORLD’S OUTPUT. RISE IN GNP (TOTAL IN BILLIONS) GNP PER CAPITA (DOLLARS) BILLION S OF DOLLAR S 13

A Changing Workplace AUTOMATION: 1947 -1957 factory workers decreased by 4. 3%, eliminating 1. 5 million blue-collar jobs. By 1956 more white-collar than blue-collar jobs in the U. S. Computers Mark I (1944). First IBM mainframe computer (1951). CORPORATE CONSOLIDATION: By 1960 600 corporations (1/2% of all U. S. companies) accounted for 53% of total corporate income. WHY? ? COLD WAR MILITARY BUILDUP.

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS CONGLOMERATES M C = AJOR ORPORATIONS that include a number of SMALLER COMPANIES in UNRELATED FIELDS (DIFFERENT TYPES of INDUSTRY), emerged in the 1950 s. AMERICAN CORPORATIONS BEGAN SERIES OF TAKEOVERS ORPORATIONS & BUYOUTS FORMING GIGANTIC CONGLOMERATES. EXAMPLE; INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH bought… SHERATON HOTELS, CONTINENTAL BAKING, HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE & AVIS RENT-A-CAR. MULTINATIONAL CORPS began investing OVERSEAS to… OVERSEAS --BE CLOSER TO IMPORTANT RAW MATERIALS --BENEFIT FROM CHEAPER LABOR POOL (LABOR COSTS LOWER)

FRANCHISES EMERGE • Another strategy for business expansion was franchising • A franchise is a company that offers similar services in many locations • Fast food restaurants developed the first franchises in America Mc. Donald’s is one of the leading franchises in the world

The RISE of FRANCHISES • A person owns and runs one or several stores of a chain operation • Business leaders believed that consumers valued dependability & familiarity • Each franchise has its own look and style

FRANCHISE 1955 - original, 1 st Mc. DONALD’s drive-in hamburger stand in San Bernardino, CA 18

The ORGANIZATION and the ORGANIZATION MAN • During the 1950 s, BUSINESSES expanded rapidly • More and more people held “WHITE-COLLAR” jobs clerical, management, or professional jobs WHITE COLLAR jobs expanded greatly in the 1950 s • The fields of sales, advertising, insurance and communications exploded

The ORGANIZATION MAN • CORPORATE LEADERS expected their EMPLOYEES to CONFORM to COMPANY STANDARDS. • CORPORATIONS did not want free-thinking individuals. • Sociologist, professor & author David RIESMAN argued in his 1950 book, The Lonely book Crowd, Crowd that this new “conformity was changing people. Whereas people used to be “inner-

David RIESMAN, RIESMAN sociologist, professor & author of The Lonely Crowd; Crowd An Analysis of the 21

SEARCH for SECURITY and the SILENT/APATHETIC GENERATION SOCIOLOGIST DAVID RIESMAN IN HIS CLASSIC BOOK, THE LONELY CROWD; An Analysis of the New Middle Class, NOTED THAT THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF THE 1950’s WAS “OTHER DIRECTED” WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO STABILITY AND CONFORMITY. THE MEDIA, ESPECIALLY TELEVISION, REINFORCED CONFORMITY AND TRADITION BY PORTRAYING ACCEPTED SOCIAL PATTERNS THAT ALL COULD IDENTIFY WITH. SHOWS THAT TYPIFY CONFORMITY AND SUBURBAN LIFESTYLES INCLUDED FATHER KNOWS BEST, LEAVE IT TO BEAVER AND THE ADVENTURES OF OZZIE AND HARRIET. FAMILY ROLES WERE CLEARLY MARKED. IN THE MODEL FAMILY FATHER WAS THE BREADWINNER WHO WORKED IN AN OFFICE, MOTHER WAS A HOMEMAKER AND THE CHILDREN WERE INVOLVED WITH SCHOOL AND FRIENDS. DESPITE THE STEREOTYPED PORTRAYAL MORE AND MORE WOMEN WERE ENTERING THE WORKFORCE. IN 1950 24% OF THE FEMALE POPULATION WAS IN THE WORKFORCE. BY THE END OF THE DECADE THIS PERCENTAGE HAD RISEN TO 33%. YOUTH IN THE 1950’s, CONTEMPORARY OBSERVES NOTED, SEEMED APATHETIC AND NOT INTERESTED IN CHALLENGING THE 22 POLITICAL OR SOCIAL NORMS OF THE TIME.

SOCIAL CONFORMITY • AMERICAN WORKERS found themselves becoming STANDARDIZED • Called the… “ORGANIZATION MAN, ” the MODERN WORKER struggled with a LOSS of INDIVIDUALISM • BUSINESSES did not want creative thinkers, rebels or anyone that would “rock the boat”

ACADEMIC CRITICS OF SOCIETY SOCIOLOGIST, C. WRIGHT MILLS BELIEVED THAT A NEW ASCENDANCY OF “WHITE COLLAR” WAS REPLACING THE OLDER “BLUE COLLAR” WORKERS. THESE NEW WORKERS WERE UNORGANIZED AND DEPENDENT ON LARGE BUREAUCRACIES FOR THEIR EXISTENCE. ALONG WITH SOCIOLOGIST DAVID REISMAN, MILLS WAS APPREHENSIVE ABOUT THE DECLINE IN INDIVIDUALISM IN THE NEW CONSUMER BASED SOCIETY. QUOTES FROM C. WRIGHT MILLS “THE LIFE-FATE OF THE MODERN INDIVIDUAL DEPENDS NOT ONLY UPON THE FAMILY INTO WHICH HE WAS BORN OR WHICH HE ENTERS BY MARRIAGE, BUT INCREASINGLY UPON THE CORPORATION IN WHICH HE SPENDS THE MOST ALERT HOURS OF HIS BEST YEARS” “PRESTIGE IS THE SHADOW OF MONEY AND POWER. WHERE THESE ARE, THERE IT IS. LIKE THE NATIONAL MARKET FOR SOAP OR AUTOMOBILES AND THE ENLARGED ARENA OF FEDERAL POWER, THE NATIONAL CASH-IN AREA FOR PRESTIGE HAS GROWN, SLOWLY BEING CONSOLIDATED INTO A TRULY NATIONALIST SYSTEM” “PEOPLE WITH ADVANTAGES ARE LOATHE TO BELIEVE THAT THEY 24 JUST HAPPEN TO BE PEOPLE WITH ADVANTAGES”

NEW CORPORATE CULTURE: “The Company Man” or “The Organization Man” 1950’s C. Wright MILLS - White Collar MILLS said in his BOOK WHITE COLLAR, “WHEN WHITE COLLAR PEOPLE GET JOBS THEY SELL NOT ONLY THEIR TIME AND ENERGY, BUT THEIR PERSONALITIES AS WELL. ” C. Wright MILLS 25

NEW CORPORATE CULTURE: “The Company Man” or “The Organization Man” WILLIAM H. WHYTE, JR. , in his book THE ORGANIZATION MAN , presented a picture of people obsessed with fitting into their COMMUNITY & JOB 26

The 1956 book “THE ORGANIZATION MAN” criticizes William H. WHYTE, Jr. the WORKER who… who = puts the COMPANY first and works to “fit in” with other workers Q-66

WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYEES of large CORPORATIONS in the 1950’s & 1960’s were… were = expected to CONFORM to CERTAIN WAYS of THOUGHT & DRESS Q-67

NEW CORPORATE CULTURE: “The Company Man” or “The Organization Man” 1956 Sloan WILSON’s -The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit A BEST SELLING NOVEL of the 1950’s, THE MAN in the GREY FLANNEL SUIT DESCRIBED A BUSINESSMAN WHO REJECTED SACRIFICING HIS LIFE FOR HIS JOB MOVIE MADE FROM THE BOOK

Despite their success, some workers questioned whether pursuing the American dream exacted too high a price, as conformity replaced individuality

The NEW CONSUMERISM • People had the desire to own the same NEW PRODUCTS as their neighbors • AMERICANS brought more luxury items • NEW CONSUMERISM led to the growth of more sophisticated ADVERTISING

RISE of CONSUMERISM • By the mid-1950 s, nearly 60% of Americans were members of the MIDDLE CLASS • CONSUMERISM (buying material goods) came to be equated with SUCCESS & STATUS

CONSUMERISM 1950 Introduction of the Diner’s Card All babies were potential consumers who spearheaded a brand-new market for food, clothing, and shelter. -- Life Magazine (May, 1958)

NEW PRODUCTS • One NEW PRODUCT after another appeared in the marketplace • Appliances, electronics, and other household goods were especially popular • The first CREDIT CARD (Diner’s Club) appeared in 1950 and American Express was introduced in 1958 • PERSONAL DEBT increased nearly 3 x in the 1950 s

CONSUMERISM

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LEISURE in the 1950 s • AMERICANS experienced shorter work weeks and more vacation time than ever before • LEISURE TIME activities became a multi-billion dollar industry • Labor-saving devices added more spare time Labor-saving devices provided more leisure time for Americans

POPULAR LEISURE ACTIVITES • In 1953 alone AMERICANS spent $30 billion on leisure Bowling remains one of the top leisure activities in the U. S. • POPULAR ACTIVITIES included fishing, bowling, hunting, and golf • AMERICANS attended, or watched on T. V. , football, baseball, and basketball games

ADVERTISEMENT • ADVERTISING became the fastest-growing industry in the U. S. • MANUFACTURES employed new marketing techniques to sell their products • ADVERTISED “BRANDS” of GOODS which are essentially the same

THE ADVERTISING AGE • ADVERTISING INDUSTRY capitalized on runaway consumerism by encouraging more spending • ADS were everywhere • AD AGENCIEs increased their spending 50% during the 1950 s ADVERTISING is everywhere today in AMERICA

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CAR SALES 1933 -1955 42

THE AMERICAN DREAM OWN YOUR OWN HOME MOST NEW HOUSING CONSTRUCTION TOOK PLACE OUTSIDE MAJOR CITIES IN NEWLY CREATED SUBURBS THERE WAS TREMENDOUS PENT UP DEMAND FOR HOUSING AS THERE HAD BEEN LITTLE CONSTRUCTION DURING THE DEPRESSION OR WWII COUPLES WERE HAVING MORE CHILDREN AND WANTED THEIR OWN HOMES TO RAISE THEM IN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LOANS MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR MORE FAMILIES TO PURCHASE THEIR OWN HOMES CARS AND SHOPPING CENTERS BECAME THE CENTER PIECES OF THE NEW SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE 43

The GROWTH of SUBURBIA • After WWII, returning vets faced a severe housing shortage • In response to the crisis, developers used assemblyline methods to massproduce houses • Developer William Levitt bragged that his company could build a home in 16 minutes for $7, 000 • The SUBURBS were born With the help of the GI BILL, many veterans moved into the SUBURBS

THE SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE The American Dream complete with a white picket fence • Most Americans worked in cities, but fewer and fewer of them lived there • New highways and the affordability of cars and gasoline made commuting possible • Of the 13 million homes built in the 1950 s, 85% were built in suburbs • For many, the suburbs were the American Dream

SUBURBAN LIVING LEVITTOWN, L. I. : “The American Dream” 1949 William LEVITT produced 150 houses per week. $7, 990 or $60/month with no down payment.

LEVITTOWN‘s were the SYMBOL LEVITTOWN‘s of the NEW AMERICAN SUBURB where ALMOST ANYONE could AFFORD a NEW HOME. They were SMALL HOMES built using MASS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES. WILLIAM LEVITT ONE OF THE OWNERS OF LEVITT AND SONS THAT BUILT SEVERAL LEVITTOWNS. AERIAL VIEW of a LEVITTOWN. THE ORIGINAL HOMES COST $8, 000 ($60, 00 IN 2002). 47

Suburban Living: The New “American Dream” k 1 story high k 12’x 19’ living room k 2 bedrooms k tiled bathroom k garage k small backyard k front lawn By 1960 1/3 of the U. S. population in the suburbs.

POST-WWII HOUSING SHORTAGES Q-68 led to MASS-PRODUCED HOUSES and… and = GROWTH of STANDARDIZED SUBURBS, such as LEVITTOWN

676 -8 LEVITTOWN promotion film, 21 minutes 50

SUBURBAN LIVING: The Typical TV Suburban Families The Donna Reed Show 1958 -1966 Father Knows Best 1954 -1958 Leave It to Beaver 1957 -1963 The Ozzie & Harriet Show 1952 -1966

POPULATION SHIFT to the SUNBELT STATES “SUNBELT” DESCRIBES THE “SUNNY” AREA FROM THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC COST TO CALIFORNIA. FLORIDA, ARIZONA AND NEVADA EXPERIENCED OVER 100% POPULATION GROWTH WHILE STATES LIKE CALIFORNIA, UTAH AND COLORADO SAW THEIR POPULATIONS GROW 51% TO 100%. BY 1963 CALIFORNIA BECAME THE MOST POPULOUS STATE IN THE UNION. ADVANCES IN AIR CONDITIONING, AIR TRAVEL AND AN IMPROVED HIGHWAY SYSTEM CONTRIBUTED TO THIS POPULATION SHIFT. THE FAST GROWING AEROSPACE INDUSTRY WAS LOCATED MAINLY IN SUNBELT AREAS. RETIREMENTS COMMUNITIES SPRANG UP TO SERVE SENIORS LOOKING FOR A WARM, SUNNY CLIMATE 52

SUBURBAN LIVING SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1940 -1970 Central Cities Suburbs Rural Areas/ Small Towns 1940 31. 6% 19. 5% 48. 9% 1950 32. 3% 23. 8% 43. 9% U. S. Bureau of the Census. 1960 32. 6% 30. 7% 36. 7% 1970 32. 0% 41. 6% 26. 4%

POPULATION SHIFTS WESTWARD 54

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THE BABY BOOM 57

THE BABY BOOM • During the late 1940 s & through early 1960 s the birthrate in the U. S. soared. • At its height in 1957, a baby was born in America every 7 seconds = over 4. 3 million babies in 1957 alone. • BABY BOOMERS represent the largest generation in the nation’s history.

BABY BOOM It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. -- British visitor to America, 1958 1957 1 baby born every 7 seconds

THE BABY BOOM • 1945 -1961—more than 65 million children were born in the U. S. • The Government encouraged the growth of families. • Popular Culture celebrated pregnancy, parenthood, and large families.

What are the official years of the Baby Boom Generation? 1946 - 1964 saw a marked increase in the number of births in North America. How did the birthrate rise and fall during the baby boom years in the US? 1940 2, 559, 000 births per year 1946 3, 311, 000 births per year 1955 4, 097, 000 births per year 1957 4, 300, 000 births per year 1964 4, 027, 000 births per year 1974 3, 160, 000 births per year

BIRTH RATE PER THOUSAND FOR WOMEN 15 -44 YEARS OLD 62

BABY BOOM BABIES ON PARADE 63

WHY SO MANY BABIES ? Why did the BABY BOOM occur when it did? • Husbands returning from WWII • Decreasing marriage • Desirability of large families • Confidence in economy • Advances in medicine

WHAT IT WILL MEAN TO YOU Your generation will be supporting an increasingly aging American population

DR. SPOCK ADVISES PARENTS • Many parents raised their children according to the guidelines of pediatrician Dr. Benjamin SPOCK Dr. SPOCK’s book sold 10 million copies in the 1950 s • He thought children should be allowed to express themselves & parents should never physically punish their kids

BABY BOOM Dr. Benjamin SPOCK and the Anderson Quintuplets

IMPACT OF BABY BOOM • As a RESULT of the BABY BOOM 10 million students entered elementary schools in the 1950 s • CALIFORNIA built a new school every 7 days in the late ’ 50 s • TOY SALES reached an all-time high in 1958 when $1. 25 billion in TOYS were sold

Symbols of the Baby Boom in Suburbia 1950 1960 Hot Dog Production (millions of lbs) 750 1050 Potato Chip Production (millions of lbs) 320 532 Sales of lawn and porch furniture (millions of dollars) 53. 6 145. 2 Sales of power mowers (millions of dollars) 1. 0 3. 8 Sales of floor polishers (millions of dollars) 0. 24 1. 0 Sales of Encyclopaedia (millions of dollars) 72 300 Number of Children age 5 -14 24. 3 35. 5 Number of baseball Little Leagues 776 5, 700

Fads of the Baby Boomers Hula Hoops Frozen Foods Poodle Skirts and Saddle Shoes What celebrity deaths have most affected the Baby Boomers? Panty Raids John F. Kennedy Barbie and GI Joe Dolls Bikinis Marilyn Monroe Frisbees Martin Luther King Yo-yos John Lennon Ouija Boards Dune Buggies

WOMEN in the FIFTIES • A return to TRADITIONAL ROLES after the war was the “NORM” • MEN were expected to work, while WOMEN were expected to stay home & care for the children • CONFLICT emerged as many WOMEN wanted to stay in the WORKFORCE • DIVORCE RATES surged

WOMEN in the FIFTIES • TRADITIONAL ROLE of HOMEMAKER • After WWII, WOMEN were encouraged to have BABIES & establish FAMILIES • A GOOD MOTHER should stay home to take care of her children

WOMEN’S ROLES in the 1950’s During the 1950 s, the role of HOMEMAKER and MOTHER was glorified in popular magazines, movies & television

Well-Defined Gender Roles The IDEAL MODERN WOMAN married, cooked & cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- Life magazine, 1956 The IDEAL 1950 S MAN was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -- Life magazine, 1955 1956 William H. Whyte, Jr. The Organization Man - a middle-class, white suburban male is the ideal. Marilyn MONROE Each of Marilyn MONROE’s film roles featured her as… married, soon to be married, or unhappy that she

Well-Defined Gender Roles Changing Sexual Behavior: Alfred KINSEY: 1948 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 1953 Sexual Behavior in the Human Female v v Premarital sex was common. Extramarital affairs were frequent among married couples. KINSEY’s RESULTS are an assault on the family as a basic unit of society, a negation of moral law, and a celebration of licentiousness. -- Life magazine, early 1950 s

1950’s AMERICAN FAMILY 76

WOMEN in the FIFTIES Leave It to Beaver 1950’s TV SHOWS presenting “ideal” AMERICAN FAMILIES Even though 8 million WOMEN had gone to work during WWII, the NEW POSTWAR EMPHASIS on… HAVING BABIES & ESTABLISHING FAMILIES, now discouraged WOMEN from seeking EMPLOYMENT! The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Father Knows Best 77

WORKING WOMEN 78

WOMEN at WORK • Those WOMEN who did work were finding JOB OPPORTUNITIES limited to fields such as… nursing, teaching & office support • WOMEN earned FAR LESS $$$ than man for COMPARABLE JOBS

Progress Through Science 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe Computer 1952 -- Hydrogen Bomb Test 1953 -- DNA Structure Discovered 1954 -- Salk Vaccine Tested for Polio 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant 1958 -- NASA Created 1959 -- Press Conference of 1 st 7 Amer. Astronauts

Early COMPUTER 1950 Massive machines w-100’s miles wiring & 1, 000’s cathode ray tubes COMPUTERS = transformed… BUSINESS PRACTICES billing inventory control = opened… NEW FRONTIERS airline scheduling 81 high-speed printing telecommunications

ADVANCES IN MEDICINE ADVANCES in the TREATMENT of CHILDHOOD DISEASES included DRUGS to combat TYPHOID FEVER & POLIO Dr. SALK was instrumental in the eradication of POLIO

Q-69 In 1955, RESEARCH SCIENTIST Jonas SALK developed VACCINE that led to EVENTUAL DISAPPEARANCE of DEADLY DISEASE known as… as = POLIO

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENT of MEDICAL SCIENCE since END of WWII has been VIRTUAL WORLDWIDE ELIMINATION of DEATH caused by… by = SMALLPOX Q-70

In POST-WWII era, ADVANCES in MEDICINE Q-71 such as ANTIBIOTICS & VACCINATIONS = led to… to an INCREASE in LIFE EXPECTANCY of AMERICAN CITIZENS