It’s registration time…how about economics? Major n n n n Econ 211 (Micro I) Econ 212 (Macro I) Econ 349 (Micro II) Econ 375 (Macro II) Math 123 (Stats) Econ 420 (Applied Regression) Econ 421 (Empirical Research) 12 additional hours in Econ Minor n n Econ 211 Econ 212 Math 123 9 additional hours in Econ 18 hours 33 -34 hours Fall 2008 Spring 2009 • Econ 325 (Gender Econ) • Econ 350 (Environmental Econ) • Econ 360 (Law & Econ) • Econ 420 (Applied Regression) • Econ 212 (Macro I) • Econ 301 (Money & Banking) • Econ 340 (Sports Econ) • Econ 349 (Micro II) • Econ 414 (Int’l Econ)
Market Structure and the Behavior of Firms
Market Structures l Benchmark models l l Perfect Competition Monopoly
Behavior of Firms l What is the objective of a business? l Assume firms want to maximize profit = TR – TC TR = Total Revenue = Pq TC = Total Economic Costs Economic Cost = Explicit Cost + Implicit Cost
Suppose that a young chef opened his own restaurant. To do so, he quit his job, which was paying $46, 000 per year; cashed in a $6, 000 certificate of deposit that was yielding 5% (to purchase equipment); and took over a building owned by his wife which had been rented out for $3, 000 per month. His expenses for the first year amounted to $60, 000 for food, $40, 000 for extra help, and $7, 000 for utilities. The chef is trying to figure out whether he would have been better off not being in business last year. He knows how to calculate his revenues, but he needs help with the cost side of the picture. What were the chef's total economic costs? a) b) c) d) $107, 000 $113, 000 $159, 000 $195, 300 Explicit Costs $60, 000 (food) $40, 000 (extra help) $7, 000 (utilities) Implicit Costs $46, 000 (foregone job) $300 (foregone interest) $36, 000 (foregone rent) $6, 000 (equipment) $113, 000 $82, 300 Total Economic Cost = $195, 300
Technological Constraints l Production Function _ q = output L = labor K = capital F(·) represents technology q = F(L, K) Variable input Fixed input Lab Experiment 3: Widget Production
Other measures of productivity l Total Product q = F(L, K) l Average Product AP = q/L l Marginal Product MP = Δq/ ΔL Note: Diminishing Marginal Returns (DMR) When there is at least one fixed input, eventually a point is reached at which the marginal product of an additional worker begins to fall.
Productivity Graphs DMR output Slope = MPL = ∆q/ ∆L ∆q q/L TP ∆L AP L 1 L 2 labor L 1 L 2 When MP > AP then AP will rise When MP < AP then AP will fall MP
Number of Workers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Donuts Produced Daily 0 12 26 44 64 86 110 122 125 127 128 Which worker at Decent Donuts has the highest marginal product? a) b) c) d) The fourth The fifth The sixth The seventh
Short Run Costs TC = FC + VC Does not vary with output: Rent Utilities Salaries Property taxes Insurance premiums Varies with output: Labor Raw materials
Short Run Cost Curve Family TC $ VC $ MC ATC AVC FC AFC output TC = FC + VC output ATC = AFC + AVC
Which of the following would be classified as a variable cost for the local BP gasoline station? a) b) c) d) interest payments to a local bank for a loan. the local property tax on the building owned by the BP operator. the premiums paid for liability insurance, which are fixed at about $30, 000 per year. the federal excise tax paid on each gallon of BP gasoline sold.
Properties of the Cost Curves l “Ross Perot” Equation $ MC ATC l Short Run Cost Curve Shifters l l Change in price of labor Change in price of capital Change in amount of capital Change in technology output AVC q/L AFC output MP labor
Austyn's fixed cost is $3, 600. Austyn’s employs 20 workers and pays each worker $60. The average product of labor is 30, the marginal product of the 20 th worker is 12. What is the marginal cost of the last unit produced by the last worker Austyn’s hired? a) b) c) d) $0. 20 $5 $240 $720
Long Run Costs l What is the optimal size for a factory? $ ATC 1 ATC 2 ATC 4 ATC 3 q 2 LRAC output
Long Run Average Cost Curve $ ATC 3 Specialization LRAC Coordination/Communication Problems q. MES output EOS: double the inputs, output more than doubles LRAC falls DOS: double the inputs, output less than doubles LRAC rises
When all inputs increase by 40% and output rises by 30%, the firm is experiencing: a) b) c) d) Diminishing returns Economies of scale Diseconomies of scale Constant returns to scale
Perfect Competition: Price Taker Model l Characteristics of the Industry l l Large number of small buyers/sellers Homogeneous product Free entry/exit Perfect information firms are price takers $ S MR = ΔTR / Δq $ P 1 P = MR D Q 1 Industry Quantity quantity Firm
![Maximizing Profit = TR – TC = Pq - [FC + VC] $ MC](https://present5.com/presentation/28c5dfba0c97cf848050b5c01d0db440/image-19.jpg "Maximizing Profit = TR – TC = Pq - [FC + VC] $ MC")
Maximizing Profit = TR – TC = Pq - [FC + VC] $ MC MR $60 = P 1 What output should the firm produce? produce until MR = MC l l If MR > MC produce more If MR < MC produce less q 1 = 300 quantity I want you to maximize profit What is TR = ? What is TC = ?
In a perfectly competitive industry, the market price of the product is $12. Firm A is producing the output at which average total cost equals marginal cost, both of which are $10. To maximize its profits, Firm A should: expand output reduce output leave output unchanged decrease its price a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
Profit and Loss Diagrams l Positive Profit: > 0 l l = Pq – (ATC)q = (P-ATC)q = (60 -50)300 = $3000 $ MC ATC $60 = P 1 MR 1 $50 = ATC $35 = P 2 l Negative Profit l l l MR 2 = (35 -50)250 = -$3750 Zero Profit? q 2 = 250 q 1 = 300 quantity
Juan’s Software Company is a perfect competitor. Juan has total fixed costs of $25, 000, average variable costs for 1, 000 units of the product of $45, and marginal revenue of $75. What is his total economic profit? $5, 000 $25, 000 $45, 000 $30, 000 a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
Juan’s Software Company is a perfect competitor. Juan has total fixed costs of $25, 000, average variable costs for 1, 000 units of the product of $45, and marginal revenue of $75. What is his total economic profit? $5, 000 $25, 000 $45, 000 $30, 000 a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
Economic Roundtable Q&A Monday, November 10, 2008 4: 00 pm Mc. Donough Balcony Topic: “What the New President’s Economic Policies Will Mean for the Country” Dr. John R. Lott, Jr. Senior Research Economist University of Maryland 2 bonus points for a written summary/critique emailed to me by November 14. Points to be applied to Exam 4. Best summary will be published in Macro&Micro and earn 4 points.
Sometimes it’s better to stay open and lose a little bit… l Temporary Shut Down: q = 0 l l l $ MC = Pq – (FC +VC) = 0 – (FC + 0) = - FC ATC AVC $35 = ATC 1 Fixed Cost = $30, 000 $25 = P 1 $20 = AVC 1 MR 1 q 1 = 2000 l l Stay open if TR > VC Shut down if TR < VC Stay open: = -$20, 000 Shut down: = -$30, 000 quantity
A competitive firm is maximizing profits by producing 600 units of output at the current market price of $800 per unit. The firm has AFC of $150 and total costs of $600, 000 at this output level. TR = $480, 000 TC = $600, 000 = -$120, 000 FC = $ 90, 000 VC = $510, 000 $1, 000 AFC = $150 AVC = $850 MR = $800 MC = Firm should shut down since TR < VC ATC = $800 SD = -$90, 000
Shutdown recap $ MC Note: The portion of the MC curve above the shutdown point is the firm’s supply curve ATC AVC PSD = Min AVC q. SD l Shut down if TR < VC Pq < (AVC)(q) P < AVC quantity
How should a business react if… l l l Price rises? Marginal costs rise? Fixed costs rise? $ MC ATC AVC P 1 MR 1 quantity I have to remember to think at the margin!
Long Run Equilibrium • A = TR – Explicit Costs • E = A - Implicit Costs Firm = Economy A= 9% 7% E= 3% 0% A= 6% 7% E= 0% LRE: E = 0 if E > 0 entry occurs if E < 0 exit occurs
Long Run Adjustment Process $ $ S 1 MC ATC S 2 P 2 MR 2 LRS P 1 D 1 Q 3 MR 1 D 2 Quantity Industry q 1 q 2 quantity Firm At P 1: each firm produces q 1 and earns E = 0 Demand rises to D 2: causes price to rise to P 2 At P 2: each firm produces q 2 and earns E > 0 Since E > 0 , new firms will enter: supply shifts to S 2 Price will fall back to P 1 and E = 0 Long run supply curve for a constant cost industry is horizontal
The rutabaga market is perfectly competitive. Research is published claiming that eating rutabagas leads to gaining weight and so the demand for rutabagas permanently decreases. The permanent decrease in demand results in a a) b) c) d) 1 lower price, economic losses by rutabaga farmers, and entry into the market. lower price, economic losses by rutabaga farmers, and exit from the market. higher price, economic profits for rutabaga farmers, and entry into the market. higher price, economic losses by rutabaga farmers, and exit from the market. 2 3 4 5
Suppose that newspaper companies are now required to use recycled paper, which is more expensive than new paper. Which of the following is most likely to result if the newspaper industry is highly competitive? a) b) c) d) 1 The firms’ costs will rise, resulting in positive economic profit in the short run and, hence, the industry supply curve will shift rightward in the long run The firms’ costs will rise, resulting in economic losses in the short run and, hence, the industry supply curve will shift rightward in the long run. The firms’ costs will rise, resulting in economic losses in the short run and, hence, the industry supply curve will shift leftward in the long run. The industry supply curve will shift leftward in the short run, causing permanent long-run economic losses 2 3 4 5
Ian’s fixed cost of mowing lawns is $250 and his marginal cost is constant at $10 per lawn. If Ian mows 5 lawns in one day, what is his average total cost? $25 $50 $60 $300 a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
A wheat farmer operating in the short run produces 100 bushels of wheat. Her average total cost per bushel is $1. 75, total revenue is $450, and (total) fixed costs are equal to $100. Then average fixed cost is equal to $1. 50. profit per bushel is equal to $2. 75. average variable cost is equal to $1. 25. economic profit is equal to $250. a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
Business people often speak about price elasticity without actually using the term. Which of the following quotations describes an elastic demand for a product? "A price cut won't help me. It won't increase my sales; I'll just get less money for each unit that I was selling before. " "I don't think a price cut will help my bottom line any. Sure, I'll sell a bit more, but what I may gain by selling more, I'll more than lose because the price will be lower. " "My customers are real shoppers. Since I cut my prices just a few cents below those my competitors charge, customers have been flocking to my store and sales are booming. " "The economic expansion has done wonders for my sales. With more people back at work, my sales are taking off, and I don't even have to reduce my prices. " a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
A group of dairy farmers are trying to raise milk prices by 20%. If the price elasticity of demand for is 0. 75, and the price elasticity of supply for milk is 0, then by how much should farmers reduce their milk production to obtain the 20% increase? 2. 7% 7. 5% 15% 20% a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
For which of the following is the cross-price elasticity of demand most likely a large positive number? french fries and onion rings DVDs and milk hockey pucks and hockey sticks All of the above are correct, because the cross-price elasticity is always a positive number. a) b) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5
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