ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA MONITORING ITALIAN

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA MONITORING ITALIAN VOLCANOES BY NOAA–AVHRR SATELLITE DATA C. Spinetti, M. F. Buongiorno, S. Amici, M. Silvestri, V. Lombardo, M. Musacchio, F. Doumaz, S. Corradini Picture Courtesy of B. Behncke

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA INGV REMOTE SENSING GROUP HAS BEEN ACTIVE IN THE LAST 15 YEARS IN DEVELOPING ALGORITHM TO MEASURE GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS RELATED TO VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Satellite Receiving Station INGV NOAA Tera. Scan • Antenna swath area 2000 km * 2000 km • Daily and nightly detection of Thermal anomalies Ash cloud and plumes • 4 -6 pass day 3 satellites NOAA 15 -17 -18 • NOAA-AVHRR data - Apparent reflectance, Brightness temperature and spectral radiance - 5 channels, 1. 1 km Nadir spatial resolution AVHRR NOAA 12, 14, 15, 18 Ch 1 (VIS) 0. 58 -0. 68 m Ch 2 (NIR) 0. 725 -1. 1 m Ch 3 (MIR) 3. 55 -3. 9 m Ch 4 (TIR) 10. 3 -11. 3 m Ch 5 (TIR) 11. 4 -12. 4 m NOAA 17 1. 58 -1. 64 m

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA STRUCTURE AVO system AVHot. RR system Storage ADA system DPC dedicate web

AVO system ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Etna Collaboration with the Alaska Volcano Observatory Stromboli Vulcano Vesuvio

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Hot spot detection

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Temporal evolution of brightness temperature Ch 3 Ch 4

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Hotspot detection tested during 2006 Mt. Etna eruption Alarm Correctness - Works well on night hotspots Almost 100% effective at > 25°C contrast - False alarms due to sunrise High-contrast sunlit peaks, clouds - False alarms due to pixel noise Hotspot detection noise filter

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Automatic routine for lava flow effusion rate estimation

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Activity Report via E-mail

Agreement with HIGP ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA AVHRR Data Stream

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Automated (MODVOLC-Based) Hot Pixel Detection (1) Detection of hot spot trips on Etna trips automated email notice Subject: GOES notice for etna From: Thermal Hotspot Algorithm Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2008 05: 20: 33 -1000 To: Distribution List (2) Links to automated image quick look products HOT RGB B 1 KEY Current Directory: /data/goes/etna Current File: 05 jul 081159 et Area: etna 160 127 10 10 Alarm Probability: -0. 8 Total Probability: -0. 7 Fires Images: 05 jul 081159 et. b 1 05 jul 081159 et. rgb 05 jul 081159 et. hot 05 jul 081159 et. prob 05 jul 081159 et. key (3) Operator Analysis of Raw Data (i) Image checked by operator for quality/cloud conditions (ii) Target & background band 4 radiances extracted for all hot lava-containing pixels. (iii) Calculate lava area using a 2 -component mixture model (with hot component Temperature range of 100 to 500 °C) (Harris et al. , 1997)

Effusion rates ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Rates derived from MODIS data (Mod. Volc) Rates estimated from AVHRR data (AVHot. RR)

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Comparison between maximun and minimun Rates estimated from AVHRR data (AVHot. RR) Rates derived from MODIS data (Mod. Volc)

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Volcanic Ash Detection ADA Based on the different absorption between TIR channels around 11 and 12 m [Prata, 1989; Wen and Rose, 1994] Exctinction coefficient Simulation - Refract index -Effective radius 1 m - Log normal size distribution 22 -7 -06 05: 39 GMT 24 -11 -06 13: 01 GMT

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Volcanic ash in air information Date and time GMT Plume direction Ash in air maximum extension Length - Width Plume maximum altitude 24 - 11 - 06 15: 14 S 18 Km – 2 Km 4300 - 4500 m asl 24 - 11 - 06 13: 01 SE 54 Km -30 Km 4700 - 4900 m asl 24 - 11 - 06 11: 20 SE 83 Km - 16 Km 4900 - 5400 m asl 24 - 11 - 06 10: 02 SE 45 Km – 5 Km 4900 - 5400 m asl 24 - 11 - 06 8: 22 SE 18 Km – 3 Km 4300 - 4500 m asl

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Volcanic ash loading BTD Alghorithm application Ash plume detected Retrieval of ash mass Date and time AOT mean GMT 4 - 9 - 2007 20: 35 1 ± 0. 2 Reff mean Total mass 2. 5 ± 0. 5μm 260 ± 100 t

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Satellite derived information Observation Report INGV CT Operative Room Hot Spot detection ER calculation Avhotrr Modvolc Volcanic ash detection DPC Synthesis Room 2006 Etna increase of explosive events Volcanic ash information has been sent 2 time per day Fontanarossa Airport

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA DPC dedicated web interface

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Experienced eruptions l l l MT. ETNA July 2006 (Lava flow) MT. ETNA September to December 2006 (Lava flow and explosive activity) STROMBOLI February to March 2007 (Lava flow and paroxysm) MT. ETNA November 2007 (explosive activity) MT. ETNA ongoing 2008 from May (explosive activity and lava flow) Volcanological and remote sensing observation reports are available on ‘monitoring volcanoes’ http: \www. ingv. it

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA Vesuvius eruption simulation Mesimex (October 2006) INGV OV DPC Blog

ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA No conclusions but future work Updating System in a Multimission Receiver Modis 24 -11 -2006 12: 20 GMT Seviri 24 -11 -2006 4 -16 GMT