Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo

Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo X-RAY INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY Alfonso Collura A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Other People Involved (Since) Marco Barbera - Associate Professor DSFA (1992) Roberto Candia - Technician Salvatore Varisco - Technician Gaspare Di Cicca - Technician Emanuele Perinati - Post Doc (1998) Ugo Lo Cicero – Ph. D Student (electronics – mechanical) (1996) (software – electronics) (mechanical) (1996) (2001) (Electronic Engineer) (2007) A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

I Will Talk About History of the X-Ray Astronomy Calibration and Testing (XACT) Facility Activities in the framework of space missions Instrumentation development and other activities not for a specific mission A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

XACT Facility Established under the impulse of G. S. Vaiana to partake to the development of CHANDRA instrumentation started operating in 1993 Designed with CHANDRA in mind, but privileging versatility to allow several other applications A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

XACT Development XACT conceivment Rental of building Beam line and basic equipment Year Personnel (Sc/Tec) 1989 1/2 1991 1/2 2/2 First light 1993 Upgrade I – Clean room; MCP detector; Transmission grating; UV beam line; 1995 ADR Cryostat Vacuum control Upgrade II – See dedicated slide 1997 2/2 2/3 1999 2/3 2001 2/3 2007 2/3 Funding Source 400 SICILIAN GOV. 30 ASI 100 OAPA 100 ASI 100 OAPA 20 CNR 200 SICILIAN GOV. 100 ASI 100 OAPA 120 ASI 100 OAPA 50 120 100 70 90 100 70 110 100 CRA ASI OAPA PRIN-MIUR ASI OAPA 2180 before upgrade II SEE DEDICATED SLIDE A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

First X-Ray Beamline A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

GSPC detector XACT - Upgrade I MCP detector X-Ray Transmission grating Monochromator X-ray Source 8 m UV Beamline Clean Room Test Section 8 m A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

UPGRADE II (2003 -2007) XACT DEVELOPMENT Longer (35 m) Beam Line 2 m diameter Test Chamber X-ray optics micropositioning Double Cristal Monochromator LTD Read-out Electronics Maglev oil-free pumping New Machine Shop Moving to Via Ingrassia Funding 680 Source PON (co-funding from EU, Ital. Gov. and OAPA) 85 PRIN-MIUR 70 ASI 60 SICILIAN GOV. 150 OAPA 15 PRIN-INAF 150 MEF (PRISMA) 1210 Not included: works on the building A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

The new beamline A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Space Missions CHANDRA XMM-NEWTON HINODE CHANG’E-1 LOXIA CORONAS PHOTON- Sphin. X SIMBOL-X EDGE A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Chandra HRC Development of the UV/Ion shields Design, Vibrational and Acoustic tests, Calibration plan • UV transmission measurements of the UV/Ion shields • Out of band rejection X-ray transmission of the UV/Ion shields X-ray Transmission modeling, XANES and EXAFS • X-ray QE of MCP’s at Daresbury Synchrotron • Cs. I vs. KBr, X-ray QE modeling, Life tests End to End test at Marshall Space Flight Center • HRC-I +HRMA, HRC-S + HRMA + Gratings In Flight Calibration • Out of band sensitivity A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

UV transmission measurements of the UV/Ion shields at XACT and DSFA-UNIPA Aluminum oxidation and interferences New filter design: Polyimide instead of Lexan, and single layer of aluminum (impact also on Chandra ACIS, Newton. XMM EPIC, JET-X CCD). A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Newton-XMM EPIC Medium and Thin Filter design and calibration plan UV transmission measurements of Medium and Thin Filters • Out of band rejection X-ray transmission measurements of Medium and Thin filters • X-ray Shadowgraphs • X-ray Transmission modeling, XANES and EXAFS Monitoring ageing effects on Medium and Thin filters A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Monitoring ageing effects of the Medium and Thin filters July 1997 July 2002 Slight increase in transmission in a narrow band. No significant impact on the science with EPIC A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

XRT on board HINODE ( PI: dr. Leon Golub, SAO, Cambridge, MA) Calibration of the Focal Plane 9 Filters X_ray shadowgraphs • X-ray transm. measurements and modeling • Calibration of the Telescope • Participation in the end to end test at Marshall A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

X-Ray Shadowgraphs 6 – 25 μm Al Filter Shadograph at 1. 49 ke. V A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

X-Ray Transmission measurements and modeling 6 – 25 μm Al Filter A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

CHANG’E-1 LOXIA Chinese experiment to study the composition of the lunar surface A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Sphin. X A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

SIMBOL X Thermal Shields 20 °C 15 °C No shields With shields T ~ 7 °C T < 1 °C 19. 2 °C 18. 6 °C X-Ray Transmission Polyimide+Al Al A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

EDGE Design of the Narrow Field Imager Telescope Contribution to the Design and Optimization of the Narrow Field Imager Telescope equipped with an X-Ray Microcalorimeter Array Focal Plane Detector Design of the Baffles for the Wide Field Telescope equipped with an X-Ray CCD Focal Plane Detector in collaboration with INAF-IASFPA A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

R&D Activities (not for a specific mission) NTD Germanium Microcalorimeters Plastic Foil light weight X-ray Optics Bio samples irradiation (next presentation) A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

X-Ray Microcalorimeters with NTD Ge Sensors In collaboration since 1997 with SAO (PI: Eric Silver) we are investigating X-ray microcalorimeters with NTD Germanium sensors for laboratory and astrophysical applications. • More recently we have started a collaboration with UNIPA-DIEET to develope a fully Planar approach for the construction of 2 -D arrays with a large number of pixels. • A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

State of the Art Energy Resolution: - 3. 1 e. V FWHM at 6 ke. V - 50 e. V FWHM at 60 ke. V • • Time Resolution: - Counting Rate up to ~ 50 Hz per pixel without significant energy resolution degradation. • Construction Technique: - Micromachining. 2 x 2 arrays currently in use. The proposed approach for 2 -D arrays with large number of pixels is based on the superposition of linear arrays. A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Study of Absorber Materials Single Stage ADR Cryostat built in house. Minimum Temperature 42 m. K. Hold Time at 60 m. K longer than 2 days. • Four channel fully wired read-out electronics to operate small arrays of Semiconductor Thermistor Microcalorimeters. • A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Proposed Fully Planar Approach for the Construction of Arrays of Microcalorimeters with Ge Sensors (a) Lapped doped NTD-Ge wafer (b) Attachment of a monolithic absorber foil (c) Resist coating - Laser Microlithography (d) Deep Wet Etching of Ge (~ 100 μm) (e) Evaporation of electrical contacts on Ge (f) Evaporation of electrical circuit on support thin membrane (g) Electrical connection to the support membrane Separation of absorbers (h) A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Deep Wet Etching of Ge Pyramidal Geometry § § Orientation (100) 4 hours etching Toroidal Geometry § § Orientation (100) 3 hours etching A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Plastic foils grazing incidence X-ray Optics (Collaboration with SAO and DSRI) • Plastic is very light, elastic, cheap Plastic foils from common industrial applications have high surface smoothness by a combination of stretching and rolling • Plastic foils replicate the figure of the mandrel but not the smoothness. Expensive superpolished mandrels not required • Plastic has strong affinity to coating (single and multilayer) • A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Surface roughness AFM measurements show micro roughness of uncoated foils of 4 ÷ 7 Å (Chandra-HRMA has 3 ÷ 4 Å) A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Mounting the foils Vacuum hold-down mandrels to form cylindrical or conical shells • Foils hold inside grooves of the supporting wheels • Epoxy cured while foils are still inside the mandrel • A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

X-ray imaging tests of Cylindrical optics at XACT 8 m 8 m Imaging detector X-ray Source FWHM ~ 10” HPD ~ 2’ A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007

Irradiation of Organic Samples The XACT FACILITY is being used for the irradiation of organic samples in a program of Astrobiology that will be the subject of next talk A. Collura – Visiting Committee Presentation December 2007