0c593979f83659c5e10ca57d0e4a6d1d.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 63
Israel’s Strategic Options What Would Sherlock Holmes Have Said Dr. Martin Sherman
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‘Palestinian Lies’ Of all the Palestinian lies there is no lie greater or more crushing than that which calls for the establishment of a separate Palestinian state in the West Bank. . Not since the time of Dr. Goebbels [Head of the Nazi Propaganda Machine] has there ever been a case in which continual repetition of a lie has born such great fruits. . Ha’aretz (30 -7 -76), by former Meretz Minister of Education, Prof. Amnon Rubinstein
The establishment of such [a Palestinian] state means the inflow of combat ready Palestinian forces (more than 25, 000 men under arms) into Judea and Samaria; this force, together with the local youth, will double itself in a short time. It will not be short of weapons or other [military] equipment, and in a short space of time, an infrastructure for waging war will be set up in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip. Israel will have problems in preserving day-to-day security, which may drive the country into war, or undermine the morale of its citizens. In time of war, the frontiers of the Palestinian state will constitute an excellent staging point for mobile forces to mount attacks on infrastructure installations vital for Israel’s existence, to impede the freedom of action of the Israeli airforce in the skies over Israel, and to cause bloodshed among the population. . . in areas adjacent to the frontier-line. Shimon Peres, Tomorrow is Now, Jerusalem: Keter, 1978, p. 232.
Even if the Palestinians agree that their state have no army or weapons, who can guarantee that a Palestinian army would not be mustered later to encamp at the gates of Jerusalem and the approaches to the lowlands? And if the Palestinian state would be unarmed, how would it block terrorist acts perpetrated by extremists, fundamentalists or irredentists? Shimon Peres The New Middle East, New York: H. Holt, 1993, p. 169.
In 1948, it may have been possible to defend the “thin waist” of Israel’s most densely populated area, when the most formidable weapon used by both sides was the canon of limited mobility and limited fire-power… It is of course doubtful whether territorial expanse can provide absolute deterrence. However, the lack of minimal territorial expanse places a country in a position of an absolute lack of deterrence. This in itself constitutes almost compulsive temptation to attack Israel from all directions … In the 20 th century, with the development of the rapid mobility of armies, the defensive importance of territorial expanse has increased…Without a border which affords security, a country is doomed to destruction in war. Shimon Peres, Tomorrow is Now, pp. 235, 254, 255
If a Palestinian state is established, it will be armed to the teeth. Within it there will be bases of the most extreme terrorist forces, who will be equipped with anti-tank and anti-aircraft shoulder-launched rockets, which will endanger not only random passers-by, but also every airplane and helicopter taking off in the skies of Israel and every vehicle traveling along the major traffic routes in the coastal plain. Shimon Peres, Tomorrow is Now, Jerusalem: Keter, 1978, p. 255. [The proponents of Palestinian State] claim if they [the Arabs] threaten us with artillery from Kalkilya , we will threaten Kalkilya with our artillery. However, the answer to this is very simple. The Arab world can exist, prosper, and develop not only if our artillery threatens Kalkilya, but even if it hits it. Israel, small and exposed, will neither be able to exist nor to prosper if its urban centers, its vulnerable airport and its narrow winding roads, are shelled. This is the fundamental difference between them and us, this is the terrible danger involved in the establishment of a third independent sovereign state between us and the Jordan River… A third state is liable to be an arrow-head directed at the very heart of Israel with all the force of the Arab world behind it. Amnon Rubinstein, ‘The Pitfall of a Third State ’Ha’artez, 6. 8. 1976
iv ar 92 Ma 19 12 . 6. Ariel Sharon These experiences prove not only that terror can be And Gaza is the prime example. The populated sections of eradicated, but also the principle by which this is to Gaza had in 1970 become an area controlled by the terrorist Imperative Not To be accomplished. It is imperative not to run from organizations because the Defense Minister decided to If now we once more fall into the same mistake, the Flee From Terror terrorism, and it will be smitten only if we control its evacuate the towns, villages and refugee camps. Fortunately price will be much heavier than before – because now bases and it engage its gangs on their own territory. we returned to the correct policy before the Gaza Strip the terrorists and the means they have at their disposal exploded like festering abscess, which could have poisoned are different and more dangerous than before. If we the entire surroundings. But because of mistaken policy – abandon Gaza, it will be taken over by the terror of fleeing from the population centers and refraining from organizations. Palestine Square [in Gaza] will become eliminating the danger in its early formative stages – we had a launching site for rockets aimed at … Ashkelon and to conduct a much more difficult and lengthy campaign. what will the IDF do then? Will it once again recapture Gaza? Shell and bomb the towns and refugee camps in the Gaza Strip? We all aspire to a political settlement, but we not will reach it by way of surrender but only after crushing terrorism and we can only eliminate terrorism if we control its bases, and fight its gangs there and destroy them.
What these two senators [Byrd and Dole] assume is that somehow or other, some Arab state has a right to claim that anything beyond the Green Line is Arab territory under 242 and 338. This is exactly contrary to its provisions and its purpose…. [T]here is an important document which has now been released. It is useful in interpreting Resolution 242 because it reveals part of what the U. S. government had in mind in pushing the resolution through. It is a map of the area, showing the places of particular security concern to Israel. The map was prepared by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who made a study of Israeli security …to advise the President on what the security concerns of Israel were. * The study advised …that the security of Israel required Israel to receive parts of the territory of the West Bank as essential to its defense. In fact, all the studies of the Israeli security problem reached the same conclusion – from the security point of view, Israel must hold the high points in the West Bank and areas along the Jordan River. I do not know if the Joint Chiefs of Staff would draw a different map today, but I doubt is very much. * See Appendix D. Editor Eugene V. Rostow, “The Peace-Making Process and UN Resolutions 242 and 338” in Israel’s Legitimacy in Law and Resolutions 242 and 338” in Israel’s History, New York: Center for Near East Policy Research, 1993
Wells within Israel proper were tapping this water long before the Six-Day War. But as the population and water demand on both sides of the Green Line have grown, the control of the western slopes has attained a new and vital importance for Israel. It is the rain falling on the West Bank that recharges the aquifer; [A]ny new wells drilled between the recharge area and the Israeli taps could cut off supply and, by lowering the water tables in the part of the aquifer that extends to the west of the Green Line, allow saline water from greater depths to seep in, permanently ruining what is left” US News & World Report, 16. 12. 91.
Location of wells and springs in districts of the West Bank
Head of Military Intelligence: The Arabs Demand 60 Percent of Israel’s Water
● Major Air Fields - Civilian and Military ● Major Sea Ports and Naval Bases ● Principal Power Stations ● Sweet Water System ● Crucial Communications and Transport Systems ● Vital Centers of Military Command & Control, and Centers of Civilian Government ● 80% of the Population and 80% of the Economic Activity
Territorial Concessions = Multi Dimensional Threat !! (a) Length – Extent of Frontiers (b) Width – No “Strategic Depth” (c) Height – Topographical Inferiority (d) Depth – Hydrological Dependency
Limited C am Autonomy p. D Da vid I Endeavors to Solve the Israeli. Palestinian Conflict Extended Autonomy. Rabin Negotiated. Der. Oslo iva + Sovereignty tiv es Le b Unilateral ano n, Ga Withdrawal za ? ? Other ? ? Solutions
Question: Why has a Palestinian State Not Been Established up to Now? ? * Best Prospects * Worst Results Palestinian Deeds and Palestinian Declarations Raise Doubts: * Do Palestinians Really Deserve Statehood? * Do Palestinians Really Desire Statehood?
The Palestinians have enjoyed: Almost Universal International Endorsement Do Palestinians Really Deserve Statehood? of Their Claims - Failed the Test of History Highly Supportive International Media Coverage Decades of Super Power Patronage Highly Accommodative Israeli Regimes which not only Acknowledged but Identified with their Claims
Do Palestinians Really Desire Statehood? Two Hypotheses: *Conflict Fueled by Lack of Palestinian Self Determination; Palestinians Aspire to Establish a State for Themselves. *Conflict Fueled by Existence of Jewish Self. Determination; Palestinians Aspire to Dismantle a State for Others.
There are no differences between Jordanians, Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese. We are all part of one nation. It is only for political reasons that we carefully underline our Palestinian identity, because it is in the interest of the Arabs to encourage a separate Palestinian identity. Yes, the existence of a separate Palestinian identity serves only tactical purposes. The founding of a Palestinian state is a new tool in the continuing battle against Israel. Zuheir Muhsin, formerly the head of the PLO's Military Department and member of its Executive Council Dutch daily Trouw March 31, 1977 … Jordanians and Palestinians are considered by the PLO as one people. Farouk Kadoumi, head of the PLO Political Department, Newsweek, on 14 th March 1977. The appearance of the Palestinian national personality comes as an answer to Israel’s claim that Palestine is Jewish. King Hussein, Amman, Nov. 1987
The Palestinian National Charter Article 1. Palestine, the homeland of the Palestinian Arab people, is an inseparable part of the greater Arab homeland, and the Palestinian people are a part of the Arab Nation. Article 12: The Palestinian people believe in Arab unity. In order to contribute their share toward the attainment of that belief, however, they must, at the present stage of their struggle, safeguard their Palestinian identity and develop their consciousness of that identity, and oppose any plan that may dissolve or impair it.
Two Hypotheses: *Conflict Fueled by Lack of Palestinian Self Determination; Palestinians Aspire to Establish a State for Themselves. *Conflict Fueled by Existence of Jewish Self-Determination; Palestinians Aspire to ory Dismantle a State for Others. at lan Exp ter rea ? ? G has ower P ich h W
Rejection of every territorial proposal, which would have allowed them every territorial proposal to create a state of their own - from the 1947 partition plan to Barak's offer at Camp David in 2000 Rejection of a "two state solution", as evidenced in their rhetoric and symbolism in which they portray the whole the Land of Israel, from the symbolism Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River, as part of Arab Palestine. Palestinians refrained from demands to exert their national sovereignty in the pre-1967 "West Bank" and Gaza - as evidenced by the text of in the pre-1967 "West Bank" and Gaza their original National Charter. Accept rule by a Hashemite Bedouin despot, who represents the minority in the land. Rejection not only of the far-reaching generosity of the Barak proposal, proposal but also the violent manner in which they rejected it. Although the proposals did include a proviso insisting on "end of conflict“, they "end of conflict“ were unprecedented in the concessions offered towards making a Palestinian state a feasible prospect. Palestinian response is explicable only if "end of conflict" is an unacceptable concept for them. Stubborn insistence on the "right of return“, which implies placing "right of return“, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians ( and possibly even more), now living in Arab countries, under Israeli jurisdiction, a position hardly consistent with an alleged desire to be free of oppressive Israeli control. . . or with an equitable two-state solution.
Rejection of every territorial proposal, every territorial proposal which would have allowed them to create a state of their own - from the 1947 partition plan to Barak's offer at Camp David in 2000
Rejection of a "two state solution", as evidenced in their rhetoric and symbolism in which they portray symbolism the whole the Land of Israel, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River, as part of Arab Palestine.
n ia in t s le a P m is l o b ym S Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - GC Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
n ia in st le a P Palestinian Islamic Jihad m is l o b m y S Hamas
Some Principles of the Hamas Charter ► Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it. ► ► ic r The Islamic Resistance Movement believes to that the land of Palestine is an Islamic Waqf e consecrated for future Rh Moslem generations until Judgment Day. n or any part of it, should It, ait, or any part of it, should i not be squandered: in t not be given up. s e lno solution for the Palestinian There a is P question except through Jihad. Initiatives, proposals and international conferences are all a waste of time and vain endeavors
Fateh: The Movement's Essential Principles t) n o (c ic r to e h R n ia in t s le a P http: //www. fateh. net/e_public/constitution. htm Article (6) UN projects, accords and resolutions, or those of any Article (6 individual which undermine the Palestinian people's right in their homeland are illegal and rejected Article (7) The Zionist Movement is racial, colonial and aggressive in ideology, goals, organization and method. Article (8) The Israeli existence in Palestine is a Zionist invasion with a colonial expansive base, and it is a natural ally to colonialism and international imperialism Goals Article (12) Complete liberation of Palestine, and eradication of Zionist Article (12 economic, political, military and cultural existence. Article (13) Establishing an independent democratic state with Article (13) complete sovereignty on all Palestinian lands, and Jerusalem is its capital city, and protecting the citizens' legal and equal rights without any racial or religious discrimination. Methods Article (19) Armed struggle is a strategy and not a tactic, and the Palestinian Arab People's armed revolution is a decisive factor in the liberation fight and in uprooting the Zionist existence, and this struggle will not cease unless the Zionist state is demolished and Palestine is
The Nature of Zionism and the Existence of Israel Fateh Article (7) The Zionist Movement is racial, colonial and aggressive in ideology, goals, organization and method. Article (8) The Israeli existence in Palestine is a Zionist invasion with a colonial expansive base, and it is a natural ally to colonialism and international imperialism Hamas The Zionist invasion is a mischievous one. It does not hesitate to take any road, or to pursue all despicable and repulsive means to fulfill its desires.
Attitudes to Peace and Efforts of International Mediation Fateh Article (6) UN projects, accords and resolutions, or those of any individual which undermine the Palestinian people's right in their homeland are illegal and rejected Article (22) Opposing any political solution offered as an alternative to demolishing the Zionist occupation in Palestine, as well as any project intended to liquidate the Palestinian case or impose any international mandate on its people. Hamas [Peace] initiatives, the so-called peaceful solutions, and the international conferences to resolve the Palestinian problem, are all contrary to the beliefs of the Islamic Resistance Movement…. The initiatives, proposals and International Conferences are but a waste of time, an exercise in futility…Those conferences are no more than a means to appoint the nonbelievers as arbitrators in the lands of Islam. Since when did the Unbelievers do justice to the Believers?
The Rejection of Any Non-Violent Resolution of the Conflict Fateh - Methods Article (19) Armed struggle is a strategy and not a tactic, and the Palestinian Arab People's armed revolution is a decisive factor in the liberation fight and in uprooting the Zionist existence, and this struggle will not cease unless the Zionist state is demolished and Palestine is completely liberated Hamas Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it…There is no solution for the Palestinian question except through Jihad
The Totality of the Repudiation of Israel Fateh - Goals - Article (12) Complete liberation of Palestine, and eradication of Zionist economic, political, military and cultural existence Hamas The Islamic Resistance Movement believes that the land of Palestine is an Islamic Waqf consecrated for future Moslem generations until Judgment Day. It, or any part of it, should not be squandered: it, or any part of it, should not be given up… Israel, by virtue of its being Jewish and of having a Jewish population, defies Islam and the Muslims.
Palestinians refrained from demands to exert their national sovereignty in the pre-1967 "West Bank" and Gaza - as evidenced by Bank" and Gaza the text of their original National Charter. Accept rule by a Hashemite Bedouin despot, who represents the minority in the land.
THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL CHARTER Adopted in 1964 by the 1 st Palestinian Conference Article 16: The liberation of Palestine…is a defensive act necessitated by the demands of self-defense as stated in the Charter of the United Nations. For that, the people of Palestine… look forward to…restoring the legitimate situation to Palestine, establishing peace and security in its territory, and enabling its people to exercise national sovereignty. . . Article 24: This Organization does not exercise any territorial sovereignty over the West Bank in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, on the Gaza Strip or in the Himmah Area…
Rejection not only of the farreaching generosity of the Barak proposal, but also the violent proposal manner in which they rejected it. Although the proposals did include a proviso insisting on "end of conflict“, they were unprecedented conflict“ in the concessions offered towards making a Palestinian state a feasible prospect. Palestinian response is explicable only if "end of conflict" is an unacceptable concept for them.
Stubborn insistence on the "right of return“, which implies placing of return“, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians ( and possibly even more), now living in Arab countries, under Israeli jurisdiction, a position hardly consistent with an alleged desire to be free of oppressive Israeli control. . . or with an equitable two-state solution.
So which Hypothesis should be adopted as a basis for policy? *Conflict Fueled by Lack of Palestinian Self Determination; Palestinians Aspire to Establish a State for Themselves. *Conflict Fueled by Existence of Jewish Self-Determination; Palestinians Aspire to Dismantle a State for Others.
Retention of Defensible Borders Implies Palestinian State Untenable. Establishment of Tenable Palestinian State Implies Indefensible Borders
What these two senators [Byrd and Dole] assume is that somehow or other, some Arab state has a right to claim that anything beyond the Green Line is Arab territory under 242 and 338. This is exactly contrary to its provisions and its purpose…. [T]here is an important document which has now been released. It is useful in interpreting Resolution 242 because it reveals part of what the U. S. government had in mind in pushing the resolution through. It is a map of the area, showing the places of particular security concern to Israel. The map was prepared by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who made a study of Israeli security …to advise the President on what the security concerns of Israel were. * The study advised …that the security of Israel required Israel to receive parts of the territory of the West Bank as essential to its defense. In fact, all the studies of the Israeli security problem reached the same conclusion – from the security point of view, Israel must hold the high points in the West Bank and areas along the Jordan River. I do not know if the Joint Chiefs of Staff would draw a different map today, but I doubt is very much. * See Appendix D. Editor …all the studies of the Israeli security problem reached the same conclusion – from the security point of view, Israel must hold the high points in the West Bank and areas along the Jordan River Eugene V. Rostow, “The Peace-Making Process and UN Resolutions 242 and 338” in Israel’s Legitimacy in Law and Resolutions 242 and 338” in Israel’s History, New York: Center for Near East Policy Research, 1993
Remove Issue of Palestinian Statehood from International Agenda Delegitimize the Palestinian Narrative that Fuels Demands for Palestinian Statehood
Removal of Issue of Palestinian State from the International Agenda Does Not Remove Problem of Humanitarian Plight of Palestinians Depoliticize Solution: Reformulate Palestinian Problem in Humanitarian rather than Political Terms Libertarian Tenets of Proposal: * Elimination of Discrimination in Treatment of Palestinians * Facilitation of Freedom of Individual Choice
Elimination of Discrimination in Treatment of Palestinians: • As Refugees – Elimination of UNWRA • As Residents– Elimination of Ethnic Bias in Arab Countries Facilitation of Freedom of Individual Choice • Generous Family Grants for Relocation and Rehabilitation • “Atomize” Offer – Directly to Individual Bread Winners
Relocation and Rehabilitation as Individual Rational Choice Continue life under the Rigors of Israeli Control The individual Palestinian would have the following choices: Life under and even more repressive and regressive Palestinian Regime Accept the Relocation Grant and build a new life of himself and his family
Palestinian Survey 42% state that they have considered emigrating permanently to some other country Half the population (50%) state that they do not discount the possibility of emigrating permanently to another country if they had the means to do so, while almost 20% stated explicitly that they would emigrate permanently. In answer to the question "What would induce you to emigrate permanently, only 15% stated that nothing would induce them. Over 70% specified one or more material factors that would induce them to emigrate permanently - such as substantial financial compensation; guarantee of a good job abroad; a high standard of housing Survey was conducted as face to face interviews on 15 -21 Nov, 2004 during various hours of the day, by means of a structured questionnaire in Arabic, among a random sample of 528 interviewees, representative of the adult population in Judea and Samaria(17 yrs of age and above). Statistical margin of error 4. 5%. The sampling and the interviews were conducted by pollsters of THE PALESTINIAN CENTER FOR PUBLIC OPINION. The questionnaire design , the data input, the statistical processing, the formulation of final report were done by Maagar Mohot Ltd. The survey was conducted by Maagar Mohot Interdisciplinary Research and Consulting Institute Ltd, under the supervision of Prof, Yitzhak Katz, Prof. Baruch Mevorach – Scientific Director, and Amir Horkin, Research Manager - in collaboration with THE PALESTINIAN CENTER FOR PUBLIC OPINION under the management of Dr. Nabil Kokli
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Consideration should be given even to the heroic remedy of transfer of populations. . . the hardship of moving is great, but it is less than the constant suffering of minorities and the constant recurrence of war President Herbert Hoover, the “Great Humanist”, in The Problems of Lasting Peace, pp. 235 -36.
Cost? ? Fraction of Outlay Already Incurred By US in Iraq
Official Population Estimates Compensation Level Families $100, 000 $ 150, 000 $200, 000 West Bnk pop 2, 460, 492 546, 800 $55 Bill West Bnk refugees 699, 817 Gaza pop 1, 428, 757 317500 $32 Bill $64 Bill 986, 034 206, 959 $21 Bill $42 Bill Gaza refugees 150, 375 Total Zimmerman et Alia Estimates Population $15 Bill $87 Bill $ 82. 5 bill $110 Bill $ 22. 5 bill $ 30 Bill Total $174 Bill Compensation Level Families $100, 000 $ 150, 000 $200, 000 West Bank 1, 350, 000 300, 000 $30 Bill Gaza 1, 070, 000 237, 777 $24 Bill $54 Bill $108 Bill
The proposed initiative constitutes a "winwin" solution which will: * Alleviate - and even eliminate - the humanitarian plight of individual Palestinians * Ensure the continued security and survival of Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People * Provide a Significant Boost to the Economies of the Developing World * Transform poverty stricken refugees into affluent émigrés
Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. Feasibility Albert Einstein Territorial Compromise Relocationconsists of and Rehabilitation Fanaticism redoubling your efforts when Individual Recipients you have forgotten your aim. Host Countries George Santayana Economic Cost
‘Palestinian Lies’ Of all the Palestinian lies there is no lie greater or more crushing than that which calls for the establishment of a separate Palestinian state in the West Bank. . Not since the time of Dr. Goebbels [Head of the Nazi Propaganda Machine] has there ever been a case in which continual repetition of a lie has born such great fruits. . Ha’aretz (30 -7 -76), by former Meretz Minister of Education, Prof. Amnon Rubinstein
--Then Satan said to unto himself: This besieged foe, how is he to be overcome. Both courage and skill are his He is well armed and well alert Then said Satan: Not his strength shall I sap Nor bridle and muzzle shall I place on him Nor fear shall I bring into his heart Nor cause him to be weak as he once was All I shall do is this: His mind I shall dull And make him forget That righteousness is with him. Thus spoke Satan, And the Heavens paled with fear as he rose To commit the deed. Natan Alterman - אז אמר השטן: הנצור הזה. איך אוכל לו אתו האומץ וכשרון המעשה . וכלי מלחמה ותושיה עצה לו ואמר: לא אטול כוחו ולא רסן אשים ומתג ולא מרך אביא בתוכו , ולא ידיו ארפה כמקדם רק זאת אעשה: אכהה מחו . ושכח שאתו הצדק - כך דבר השטן וכמו חורו שמים מאימה בראותם אותו בקומו . לבצע את המזמה נתן אלתרמן
Limited Autonomy Extended Autonomy …. when you have Endeavors eliminated the impossible, to Solve the Negotiated Israeliwhatever remains, however Sovereignty Palestinian improbable, must be the Conflict Unilateral truth" Withdrawal Sherlock Holmes in The Sign of Four Other Solutions
What Would Sherlock Holmes Have Said Reframing the Palestinian Problem Humanitarian Rather Political Terms Elementary, My Dear Watson
Thank You for Your Attention
The Case for an Independent Nation State Israel Palestinians Unique Religion Unique Language Unique Script Unique History Unique Customs
No credible capable Palestinian leadership has emerged Palestinian Statehood as a Historical Anachronism Proven Palestinian Political Incompetence Failure despite very favorable conditions Palestinians Failed test of history Don’t Deserve Statehood Don’t desire Statehood Palestinian Behavior and Decisions Revealed Preferences: Rejected Declarations every & Deeds territorial proposal Two Competing Hypotheses Mutually Exclusive, Irreconcilable National Claims Superior Jewish Claims to Self Determination Re-Legitimize the Zionist Narrative De-legitimization of Palestinian Narrative Remove the Issue of Palestinian Statehood from Int’l Agenda The Human Predicament Persists Abandon Political Paradigm; Adopt Humanitarian one
Signature of Oslo I Pre Oslo I (‘ 90 -92) growth rate (6. 6%) Signature of Oslo II Post Oslo I (’ 94 -96) growth rate (6. 1%) Post Oslo II (’ 96 -99) growth rate (3. 4%) Barak’s Camp David Offer 94(19 lo Os st ge Po 2% tal Avera < 5. To ) . 9% 000 th 4 2 ow Gr


