Islam Identifications Muslim person who follows

Islam Identifications • • Muslim: person who follows Islam Ka’aba: Islam’s holiest shrine – located in Mecca Qu’ran: secret text, holy book of Islam Mecca: birth place of Islam, holiest city, Saudi Arabia Mosque: Muslim house of worship Allah: Arabic for God same as J and C Medina: first Islamic community, 2 nd Holy city, Muhammad gains political and religious power • Hejira: 622 – Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina; marks first expansion of Islam • Jerusalem: 3 rd Holiest city to Islam – Dome of the Rock 1

Five Pillars of Islam (#3) • • • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) Prayers (Salah) Charity (Sawm) Fasting (Zakat) Pilgrimage (Hajj) 2

The Rise and Spread of Islam

Arabia in the 7 th Century 4

Arabian People • • Nomads/Bedouins Farmers Traders Tribes 5

Paganism • Worshipped many gods • Chief god was “Allah” meaning simply “the God. ” Al-Uzza 6

Mecca 7

Trade Routes 8

Muhammad (#4) • • • Born CE 570 From Quraysh tribe Marries Khadija Merchant/trader Meditated in desert Daughter Fatima married to cousin Ali 9

Muhammad (#5) • Final Prophet/Founder of Islam – Means to surrender/submit (#2) • Messages from God compiled in the Qur’an • Spread the message of one God 10

Medina and Hejira 622 Marks the beginning of expansion of Islam (#10) 11

Jerusalem • “Night Journey” from the nearest mosque to the farthest (“al-Aqsa”) mosque - 619 AD Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem The Night Journey 12

People of the Book (# 6) • Muhammad’s Term for Jews and Christians – Cause followed Gods teachings • Old and New Testament were God’s words but had been corrupted over time • Christianity and Judaism influenced Islam 13

Return to Mecca – 628 AD Mecca 14

Kaaba • Housed 360 idols • Muhammad Smashed idols and dedicated to God (360) (#5) • Pilgrimages during holy month Dhul-Hijjah Ka’bah 15

What do you think? What are some of the implications that flowed from Muhammad’s smashing the idols at the Ka’bah? 16

“Farewell Speech” • Tribes throughout Arabia acknowledged Muhammad’s authority and converted to Islam • Muhammad delivered farewell speech in 632 • Muhammad died without designating a successor Mosque of the Prophet, Medina 17

Spread of Muslim Rule 18

Spread of Muslim Rule 19

Spread of Muslim Rule 20

Spread of Muslim Rule 21

Spread of Muslim Rule 22

Spread of Muslim Rule 23

Schism • Disagreement over style and qualifications • Bloody massacre • (#11) Split into Sunni and Shi’a during Umayyad Dynasty – date? • over the choosing of caliph – successor to Muhammad as leader of Islamic community (#11) • (#12) Sunni – 80% caliph based on merit – anyone • Shi'ite/Shi’a – caliph descendent of Muhammad 24 Shrine at Karbala

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7. Hadith and Koran make up the Shariah – sacred law of Islam 8. oneness of God and Muhammad Final Prophet 9. Birth, Marriage, Death 10. Hejira (622), Muslim Army united by Jihad (to struggle to be the best Muslim/Holy War) and promise of riches, resentment of foreign rule, Conversion (equality of believers), tolerance 11. Umayyad, choosing a caliph 12. Shi’a (Shiite) and Sunni 13. Halal In Arabic, the word halal means permitted or lawful. Halal foods are foods that are allowed under Islamic dietary guidelines 26 No pork or alcohol

Five Pillars of Islam • • • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) Prayers (Salah) Charity (Sawm) Fasting (Zakat) Pilgrimage (Hajj) 27

Ramadan (#14) • • • 9 th month of the Islamic/lunar calendar Month that Qur'an to Muhammad Fasting from sunup to sundown Focus on relationship with God/spiritually Night of Power: – last days of the month it is believed that Muhammad first received the Qur'an. • Eid ul-Fitr: – holiday that marks the end of Ramadan and fasting 28

Islam, Christianity, and Judaism Similarities • • • Monotheism Prophethood Old Testament Golden Rule 10 Commandments Jerusalem Holy Judgment Day Heaven Prayer • • • Fasting Charity Coming of Age Pilgrimage Dietary Laws 29

Umayyads (661– 750) 30

Umayyad Culture Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Al-Aqsa (“furthest”) mosque, built CE 715 31

Shi’ism Today 32

Umayyad Decline • Fragmentation – split • Non-Arabs • Leadership problems 33

Abbasids (750– 1258) First 100 years 1 st Golden Age (#15) Because of economic power, medicine, science, math, and architecture 34

Abbasid Culture • Trade revival • Arabic numerals • Algebra 35

Science and Medicine • • Astrolabe Medicine Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Muhammad Al-Razi Astrolabe 36

Hadith 37

Mosques 38

Abbasid Decline Mosque of Abbasid Caliph Al. Mutawakkil 39

The Moors: The Visigoths had ruled Spain until 711, when the Moors crossed into Spain from North Africa. For the next three centuries, the Moors controlled most of Spain by establishing a “caliphate, ” or religious center, in Cordoba. Spain enjoyed a “golden age. ” The Moors were able administrators who built Spain into a thriving center of culture and scholarship. The Moors were Muslims, but they were generally tolerant of the Christians and Jews who lived in Spain. Spanish Jews benefited from the tolerant policies of the Moors. This enabled them to have one of the most prosperous periods in their history. Christian kingdoms in northern Spain and France slowly began the Reconquista (or reconquest) of Spain, a struggle that lasted almost 500 years. Quarrels among the Moors led to the overthrow of the caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. The Moors remained in Spain until King Ferdinand of Aragon, and Queen Isabella of Castille merged their kingdoms and forced the Muslims and Jews to leave Spain 40

Row 5 16. Life long learners/education important - translated Greek and Sanskrit works on philosophy and science House of Wisdom – Baghdad – Al Mamun – preserved ancient learning – diffused to Europe 17. Medicine: Diagnosis/treatment/qualifying examinations Muhammad al-Razi and Ibn Sina – all influenced the West Math – algebra Science Architecture - minarets 18. Letters of credit – receipts – bills of lading 41

Comparison of Statistics and Basics Islam Judaism Christianity adherents called Muslims Jews Christians current adherents 1. 3 billion 14 million 2 billion current size rank 2 nd largest 12 th largest major concentration Middle East, Southeast Asia Israel, Europe, USA Europe, North and South America, rapid growth in Africa sacred text Qur'an (Koran) Bible (Jewish Bible + New Testament) other written authority Hadith Talmud, Midrash, Responsa church fathers, church councils, papal decrees (Catholic only) religious law Sharia Halakhah Canon Law clergy imams rabbis priests, ministers, pastors, bishops mosque synagogue church, chapel, cathedral Friday Saturday Sunday house of worship main day of worship 42

Comparison of Origins and History Islam Judaism Christianity date founded 622 CE unknown c. 33 CE place founded Saudi Arabia Palestine (def) Palestine founder Muhammad Moses or Abraham Jesus Arabic Hebrew Aramaic, Greek original language(s) early expansion major splits within 60 years, within 12 years, churches in major cities entire Arabian in Palestine, Turkey, little expansion; peninsula; within 100 mostly confined to Greece and Rome years, Muslim world Palestine (map); entire Roman stretched from the Empire by end of 4 th Atlantic to China cent. Shia/Sunni, c. 650 CE Catholic/Orthodox, 1054 Reform/Orthodox, CE; Catholic/Protestant, 1800 s CE 1500 s CE 43

Comparison of Religious Beliefs Islam Judaism Christianity type of theism strict monotheism Trinitarian monotheism ultimate reality one God names of God Allah (Arabic for God) Yahweh, Elohim Yahweh, the Holy Trinity other spiritual beings angels, demons, jinn angels and demons revered humans prophets, imams (especially in Shia) prophets saints, church fathers identity of Jesus true prophet of God, whose message has been corrupted not prophet Son of God, God incarnate, savior of the world Not part of beliefs affirmed through Muhammad, recorded in Qur'an through Prophets, recorded in Bible through Prophets and Jesus (as God Himself), recorded in Bible correct belief, good deeds, Five Pillars belief in God, good deeds correct belief, faith, good deeds, sacraments (some Protestants emphasize faith alone) eternal paradise: heaven views vary: heaven eternal heaven Jews and Christians are respected as "People of the Book, " but they have wrong beliefs and only partial revelation. Islam and Christianity are false interpretations and extensions of Judaism is a true religion, but 44 with incomplete revelation. resurrection of Jesus divine revelation means of salvation good afterlife view of fellow Abrahamic religions