Is Sustainable Development Path an Option? July 20, 2009 By Dr. Rene Castro Rene. castro@incae. edu
Ecoturists are diverse, well educated and expend more n n n Greece and the Caribbean are positioned in sun and sand tourism, it is only growing at 4% Cultural tourism is growing at 15% per year Adventure tourism at around 20% Ref. Lawrence Pratt, 2005
Longer visits not always means more money… Tourist visiting Costa Rica: after 10 days diminishing returns for the country Gráfico del autor basado en datos anexos y cálculos propios
Not all tourist niches are equally profitable…cruiships means high leakage Gráficos del autor basado en datos anteriores
SMEs are common in ecoutourism and leakage is less than 20% A- a Typica SME is a rain forest Tram in Playa Jacó (Ref. La República, 5 de septiembre de 2002. ) Equity debt Total $342, 016 $ 1, 368, 064 $ 1, 710, 080 B- Most hotels are around 20 rooms. C- Around 40 cents X $1 expend remains in local communties study in progress at INCAE, 2009).
Strong sustaibnability GREEN ENERGY
Net Thermal Electricity Generation % Latin American Consumers and El Niño are Exacerbating Environmental Problems: Fossil Fuel Consumption Increasing EL NIÑO
Cash inflow coming from Environmental Services C O 2 Certificates and t CO 2 CERs Global Green Markets for CO 2 fixed by forest… …cleaner energy and transportation induce by and CO 2 markets 4 -2 -97 Tomado de Cyclone Wind Energy
CERs payments help Costa Rica to aimfor 100% renewable power by 2021 n Currently fossil fuels only for peak hours in Costa Rica Tomado de: “Plan de expansión de la generación eléctrica, período 2004 – 2020”; ICE. l. Wind power and biomass closing the gap Tomado de Cyclone Wind Energy System, en desarrollo
Strong Sustainability BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity: New Products and Services Medicinas Bio-pesticidas Plantas transgénicas Productos Otros Productos (cosméticos) Agronomía Biología Química Computación Ingeniería Genética Leyes Microbiología Farmacología Insectos Plantas Microorganismos Ref. INBIO, 2001 Áreas del conocimiento Moluscos y organismos marinos Muestras ambientales y ADN Tipos de muestras
More than 30 Contracts Between INBIO and key industries between 1991 -2001, such as: MERCK 91 -99 BTG 92 -02 / ECOS –LA PACÍFICA BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB 94 -98 RBI 95 -98 DIVERSA 98 -01 /2001 -06 GIVAUDAN ROURE 95 -98 INDENA 96 -98, 00 -02 PHYTERA 98 -00 AKKADIX 00 -01 Eli Lilly 2000
Strong Sustainability CLIMATE CHANGE
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EMISSIONS: WHAT IS THE LINK? Ref. Castro and tattembach, 2000
Climate Change is here n Extreme wheatear events are increasing in frequency and magnitude… n Developing countries in permanent reconstruction Dr. René Castro
Large Dams facing changes in rain patterns n n Arenal Lake, Costa Rica During the 94 summer Arenal Reservoir was about to closed down due to a severe El Niño. It provides around 35% of Costa Rican electricity and surplus for export. n n El Cajon, Honduras was no prepared to confront water scarcity. Cajon Hydro plant closed down in 1994. The country faced black outs and had to redesigned Cajon. Dr. René Castro Sweden, June, 2004
Large infrastructure facing water Budget reductions n n In 1983 the Panama Canal water was scarce and bellow the critical level of 84. 5 feet. . . they dug one more meter n n Dr. René Castro In 1997 water was scarce again and the lower level of 81. 5 did not work. . . In 2008 Canal Expansion project will reduce water waste by 60%
New Environmental Design Reduction of Human Vulnerability
Conclusions Sustainable Development is possible but Difficult n Developing Countries need SD strategy to survive Climate Change and Economic Stress n Small Costa Rica could be a pioneer in some areas n There is a need for global leadership n
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