Is civil engineering a necessary encumbrance involving considerable

Is civil engineering a necessary encumbrance involving considerable cost but no visible or tangible benefit? Because it goes largely unseen, engineering tends to matter to people only when things go wrong and fail to function properly. A tendency exists to commit the minimum required resource to obtain the minimum required result. As a consequence, marginal infrastructure can result. We believe the way to avoid costly and marginal infrastructure is to aim for a result that people can appreciate, like… …Pretty Nice Looking Drains

Filter Drain with filter strip • Surface runoff from road drains to median • Runoff passes through grass vegetation planted on edge of filter drain, removing pollutants • Stone medium slows and filters the water • Larger rocks and variety planting adds to the aesthetic value while slowing the flow of water

Filter Drain with filter strip

Grassed Swale

Infiltration Detention Basin

Detention Basin

Permeable Carpark

Permeable Carpark • Surface runoff from impermeable carpark surface drains over grass to filter drain • Infiltration only achievable for small carpark areas or if highly permeable soils exist on site • Otherwise, filter drain will treat and attenuate surface water before discharge

The following slides illustrate the application of Su. DS principles to civil engineering designs carried out by Chris Bakkala’s team at Buro Happold.

Ballyshannon Model Village FKL Architects

A new Place = Location + Identity

Accommodation = Place for Living • 1 x 5 classroom primary school • 1 crèche • Village hall • 4 commercial units • Enterprise units • 9 Office/ work units • 1 stables building • 128 houses • Allotments • Football pitch • Age-specific playgrounds • Bridle path • Wetlands, ponds – biodiversity habitats • Kick around space • Open green space

Streetscape room walk, grow and drive

Streetscape shaping topography to drain without pipes

Natural Effluent Treatment Systems A Proposed Reed Bed and Wetland System To provide full treatment for 500 P. E from the Ballyshannon Model Village and tertiary treatment to ~1000 P. E from surrounding developments in Calverstown. It is proposed to achieve this through the use of a gravity fed natural treatment system having the benefit of increasing biodiversity habitats for many bird, animal and invertebrate species, in keeping with the rural aspect of the development. Primary Treatment – Settlement Tank Secondary Treatment – Horizontal Flow Reed Bed The primary and secondary systems have been designed according to the EPA Wastewater Treatment Manuals, “Treatment Systems for Small Communities, Business, Leisure Centres and Hotels” Secondary and Tertiary Treatment – Integrated Constructed Wetland (ICW) The tertiary system has been designed according to the ICW concept developed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Reed Bed Wastewater Treatment Systems

Very Low Maintenance Horizontal Flow Reed Bed and Integrated Constructed Wetlands • Weekly - Log flow rates from continuous flow monitor to and from the wetland - Examine distribution pipes for blockages - Water level management and flow maintenance - Visual monitoring of final effluent, vegetation progress and initial fencing • Monthly - Surface water quality monitoring of influent, effluent and receiving water course - Ground water monitoring • Yearly - Maintenance of embankments - Sediment/sludge management

The Village, Cloughjordan Solearth Ecological Architects

Layout

Boreens and meandering streams

SOAKAWAYS

Filter Drains

Swales and Detention Ponds

Paving over soft ground

Traditional Drainage Systems (‘Traditional’ is a word whose meaning will change in the future) Aims: • Remove surface water from streetscape (conveyance) • Reduce potential downstream flooding (storage) • Remove heavy particulates and hydrocarbons – more recent addition (treatment) Methods: • Road Gully Traps connected to an underground pipe network • Attenuate stormwater on-site – via underground tanks or ponds – with discharge from site restricted via a hydrobrake or orifice plate etc • Surface water from carparks and large road areas passing through a Catchpit and Petrol and Oil Interceptor

Sustainable Drainage Systems (Su. DS), or, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) Focuses decisions about drainage on the environment and on people • Takes account of the quantity AND quality of runoff • Takes account of the amenity value of surface water in the urban environment (work with Landscape Architects) Requires a philosophy shift from previous design techniques used • Aim to mimic natural (greenfield) drainage processes, albeit in a controlled, engineered manner - Infiltration; volume of infiltration should ideally match greenfield rates - Slow runoff - Runoff to pass through vegetation - Good water quality

Sustainable Drainage Systems (Su. DS) • Surface Water Management Train - Source Control (street level) - Site Control (estate/developed site) - Regional Control (receiving waters – local authorities) • Su. DS features also achieve three main aims of the traditional drainage system, broadly summarised as: - Conveyance - Storage - Treatment

Su. DS Techniques Filter Strips and Swales • Mimics natural drainage patterns; surface flow • Surface Runoff passes through vegetation, slowing and filtering the flow • Can be designed to achieve conveyance, infiltration, storage and treatment • Suitable for roads, carparks and small residential developments • Very economical, however flow path may be easily blocked by parked cars, construction materials etc Filter Drains and Permeable Surfaces • Encourages subsurface flow • Contains permeable material below ground to convey and store surface water • Provides treatment by slowing, filtering and storing the flow

Su. DS Techniques Infiltration Devices • Subsurface – Soakaways, infiltration trenches/filter drains • Surface – Swales, landscaped basins/fields • Remain dry (except during heavy rainfall periods) allowing public use, such as playing fields, recreational areas, public open space etc • Help to recharge groundwater, thereby mitigating development impacts on rivers and streams by maintaining base flows Detention Basins and Retention Ponds • Basins are utilised during heavy rainfall to provide flood attenuation and can be incorporated to fulfill a number of Su. DS aims such as treatment and infiltration • Ponds retain water in dry weather, providing treatment and amenity value (with an allowance for flood attenuation) and include wetlands and lagoons

Opportunities from Su. DS • Many engineers are used to treating surface water as a ‘nuisance’ • Chance to be seen as leading thinkers and designers for holistic drainage design – quantity, quality and amenity • Work closely with Landscape Architects: - Su. DS can play a vital role in the landscaping of a development. It is highly advantageous to work together early in the planning/design phase to understand the possibility of achieving common goals through SUDS.