IS 6125 Database Analysis and Design Lecture 2

IS 6125 Database Analysis and Design Lecture 2: Data-Flow Diagrams 1 (Context. Level data flows) Rob Gleasure R. Gleasure@ucc. ie www. robgleasure. com

IS 6125 n Today’s session q What are DFDs? q Exercise 1 q Exercise 2

What are DFDs? n DFD stands for Data Flow Diagram n A DFD is a representation of a system that captures all of its important component pieces, as well as the interfaces between these components n DFDs focus on the movement of data between components

So how is that different from flowcharts and ERDs? Flowcharts DFDs ERDs Flow of control/activity Flow of data between parts of system Breakdown of stored data Flows are sequential Flows are parallel (no sequence implied) No flows – static representation Used to break down processes to make sense of complex practices and activities Used to break down the architecture of a system and how components interact Used to break down the individual data elements contained in each data store All used during both analysis and design!

How do we create a DFD? n A DFD is made up of four simple components Component Processes External entities Data flows Data stores Symbol (Gane and Sarson)

Components: Processes n n Work or actions performed on data (inside the system) Receives input data and produces output q Labels should be verb phrases or system functions

Components: Processes Rules q Can have more than one outgoing data flow or more than one incoming data flow q Can connect to any other symbol (including another process symbol)

Components: Processes Rules q Needs to have input and output Incorrect!

Components: Data Store n Is used in a DFD to represent data that the system stores q Labels should be noun phrases

Components: Data Store Rule n Must have at least one incoming and one outgoing data flow Incorrect!

Components: External Entity n n n External entity that is origin or destination of data (outside the system) Is the singular form of a department, outside organisation, other IS, or person q Labels should be noun phrases Note, sometimes the following terms are used: q Source – Entity that supplies data to the system q Sink – Entity that receives data from the system

Components: External Entity Rule n Must be connected to a process by a data flow

Components: External Entity Incorrect!

Components: Data Flow n A path for data to move from one part of the IS to another q Arrows depicting movement of data n Can represent flow between process and data store by two separate arrows

Spot the errors

Levels of DFDs n DFDs are constructed separately across several layers, each of which serves a slightly different function q Context-level n Shows system boundaries, the data flows between external entities and the system q Level-1 n Shows system’s major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of abstraction (not detailed) q Level-2, Level-3, …, Level n n Iteratively break down a system description down into finer and finer detail n New DFDs must be balanced at each stage to ensure they are complete and correct

Steps in Constructing Context Level DFD 1. Read the narrative/collection of narratives describing the system 2. Create your main system process 3. Identify the external entities from the text (usually these will be among the nouns in the narrative) 4. Identify and name the data flows to and from these external entities to your main system process

Example Context Level DFD

Exercise n Consider an ATM interface system q Users enter their account details and password q Users view balance q Users retrieve cash q ATM checks account details and balance against bank system q ATM updates the bank database when cash is distributed q ATM checks quantity of each bank note available from cashbox q ATM retrieves bank notes from cashbox q ATM updates quantity of each bank note available from cashbox

Shazam n Started off at the turn of the millennium as a hotline number that mobile phone holders could call when music was playing q The call would last 30 seconds, after which time it would automatically disconnect and text callers the name of the song n As smartphones grew in popularity, this functionality moved to app format, launching on both i. OS and Android in 2008 q The i. OS version provided links to purchase the track on i. Tunes, the Android version linked to Amazon’s MP 3 Store n In January 2011, Shazam partnered with Spotify so that Spotify users could listen to tracks directly through that channel

Shazam n In 2009, several new features were added to increase the social nature of the app q Each time a song was ‘tagged’, the GPS coordinates were also logged q Tags could be sent to other users q Twitter alerts were integrated n In early 2011, Shazam was the 4 th most commonly downloaded app on the i. Store n In 2013, Techland voted it one of the 50 best Android apps

How Shazam Works n n The sounds is recorded for 10 seconds and a spectogram is generated and sent from the user’s device to the central Shazam system This is compared against records of songs on a dedicated Shazam server If the song is not recognised, a message is sent to the user’s device informing them that no match was found If the song is recognised, the name and details of that song are sent to the user’s device q A user may then browse lyrics or reviews of the album on the central Shazam system q They may also send a request via the central Shazam system to the Amazon MP 3 Store or i. Tunes to buy the track or the ringtone q They may send a request via the central Shazam system to watch the music video on You. Tube q They may send a request via the central Shazam system to share the track on Facebook or Twitter

Exercise n In groups of 2 -3… q Draw a context-level DFD for Shazam

Assignment 1 n In groups, you are tasked with identifying and researching a business that uses data in an interesting and creative way. q The report should be approximately 2, 500 -4, 000 words and describe the key values offered by the business to its consumers, how this differentiates it from competitors, and how its use of data at different points in the creation, delivery, and support of products/services enables this differentiation. n NB: Data should be at the heart of the story q You don’t need to go into deep technical detail concerning how data is handled, nor about the technologies used. However you should discuss data-related processes at a high-level, insofar as you understand them from the information you gathered

Assignment 1 n The report is due on the 18 th October, at which time a soft-bound report should be handed into Ann O’Riordan in room 3. 75 n You will also present your report to your classmates on the 1 st November (this is informal and won’t be marked) n Your report will also be posted online for others to read, so make sure it reads well and doesn’t contain anything defamatory or likely to cause offense

Assignment 1 n The groups are as follows: q Group 1: Walsh, Dominic; Jiang, Yuting; Savak, Mert; Liu, Chunzhao; Liao, Jixuan; Alghamdi, Mona Saeed M q Group 2: Sulimani, Aishah; Li, Sining; Wang, Pinyi; Wyckoff, Sarah; Chua, Min Chian q Group 3: Mc. Auliffe, Chris; Al Moqbel, Munirah Mohammed; Shi, Kangjing; Alotaibi, Ahlam Najem S; Lu, Ziyun q Group 4: Nguyen, Phu Minh Anh; Zhang, Xiao; Hinchy, Philip Anthony; Zhang, Chenyang; Mojekwu, Angela q Group 5: Wang, Rui; Liu, Lu; Aljohani, Jeehan; Liang, Shuai; Lavery, Leona Kathleen

Want to read more? n n Sullivan, L. H. (2006). +Just Enough Structured Analysis, Chapter 9: Dataflow Diagrams q http: //static. squarespace. com/static/50 c 9 c 50 fe 4 b 0 a 97682 fac 903/ t/512878 e 6 e 4 b 02 e 5615 b 4 c 5 ed/1361606886338/Yourdon%20 DF D. pdf Data Flow Diagrams: An Agile introduction q http: //www. agilemodeling. com/artifacts/data. Flow. Diagram. htm