Investigation of extreme youth subcultures EXTREME YOUTH SUBCULTURES LECTURE 1
Plan 1. Culture and subcultures. Cultural variations and social deviations. Living-world of subculture. 2. Social age and subcultures. Deviant subcultures and deviant functions of subcultures. 3. Subculture goes extreme: factors and grounds of transformation.
Resourses 1) Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations / Ed. by K. M. Hazlehurst, C. Hazlehurst. Routledge, 1998. 2) Gelder K. Subcultures: Cultural Histories and Social Practice. Routledge, 2007. 3) Hanfler R. Subcultures The Basics. Routledge, 2013. 4) Horton J. Kraftl P. Cultural Geographies: An Introduction. Routledge, 2013. 5) Mc. Kay G. et al. Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe. Peter Lang, 2009.
Human being, culture and civilization Survival Instruments Concepts
Uniqueness of culture Situations Variations of culture Social groups
Mythological element of cultural dynamics Group relations Group transformations Symbols and rites
Spontaneous social regulation and institutional norms Morality Law Is taken for granted Is publicly stated Is a natural codex (apparent prescriptions) Is an artificial codex (conditional proscriptions) Appeals for sympathy and selfconsciousness Appeals for notions, needs and interests Bears a problem of Ideal Bears a problem of norms Expresses group peculiarities (mores) Defines group claims (juridical norms)
Contradictions of social regulation Gaps in proscriptions and prescriptions Disconnections between levels of institutional norms Arbitrary application of norms by a performer
Subculture Cultural variation obtained by relatively stable social carrier (social group or community) are subcultures. While historic types of culture are conditioned by ethnic and political stereotypes and identities, subcultures cling to conscious differentiation from actual stereotypes and conditions of “maternal culture”.
Youth subcultures Social age of youth is prestigious in modern and post-modern societies. Youth is a model of publicly acceptable behavior for people of most ages and walks of life. Thus, functions and dysfunctions of youth subcultures appear in the limelight of public questions concerning spontaneous social regulation of human beings’ behavior in posttraditional societies.
Living-world of subculture Attributes (identities) Values Social symbols Stereotypes Norms
Social symbolism of subculture Artefacts Images Hierarchies Taboos Rites
Deviant, addictive, and functionally addictive subcultures Positivity Deviance Subcultures Negativity Addictiveness Conformity Consumerism
Types of social adaptation by R. K. Merton
External and internal factors of subcultures’ deviance External social and cultural factors Traditional contradiction of duty and habit is being replaced by contradiction of permission and possibility. Key archetypical images are destroyed during growth of consumer culture. Disillusions lead to tendency of acquiring identity by all means including illusionary. Searching for self-identity is aspired to compensate real existence in “lonesome crowd”. New rhythm and new rules of behavior turn to be prestigious while being essentially consumeristic. Folk cultures are replaced by mass culture. Internal grounds of subcultures
Role confusion Dissimilarity with oneself in various situations is main reason of teenage and youth subcultures growth.
Social and psychological premises of role confusion Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame Identity Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority
Social and psychological consequents of role confusion Career and family / Social isolation Generosity / Social stagnation Social integration / Despair
Social technologies in application to youth subcultures: pros and cons Manipulation Partnership Setting of illusionary goals and addictive means for their achievement. Search of mutual understanding through common goal-setting relations. Slackening of traditional ties in social environment and primary agents of socialization. Intentional reconstruction of interpersonal ties in real living-worlds by means of civil society.
Summary Culture is comprehensible only through cultural variations. Subcultures are living-worlds of social groups. Youth subcultures have acquired a pattern status for actual cultural variations. Youth subcultures deviate in heteronomous rhythms of civilizational dynamics. The specifics of youth social age and cultural lag come together in constituting extreme forms of subculture.
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